Vitamin

Vital = mutlak ada Amin = ada gugus NH3

Di bagi 2
Larut dalam lemak
A,D, E dan K

Larut dalam air

C Golongan vitamin B Provitamin A (beta-caroten)

Masalah pada masyarakat : Defisiensi = kekurangan

vitamin A

Vitamin A
Vitamin A has multiple functions, it is important for growth and development, for the maintenance of the immune system and good vision. Vitamin A is needed by the retina of the eye in the form of retinal, which combines with protein opsin to form rhodopsin the light-absorbing molecule color vision.[4] Vitamin A also functions in a very different role as an irreversibly oxidized form of retinol known as retinoic acid, which is an important hormone-like growth factor for epithelial and other cells.[5]

Pada Retina: retinal retinol opsin Retinal Rhodopsin retinoic acid : bentuk lain vitamin A pada embriologi dan pemeliharan pertumbuhan

Vision Gene transcription Immune function Embryonic development and reproduction Bone metabolism Haematopoiesis Skin and cellular health Antioxidant activity

Defisiensi vitamin A
Rabun senja : Nictalopia Bitot's spots Xerophthalmi

Sumber vitamin A
cod liver oil (30000 g) liver carrot (835 g 93%) Broccoli butter (684 g 76%) kale (681 g 76%) spinach (469 g 52%) egg (140 g 16%) papaya (55 g 6%) mango (38 g 4%) pea (38 g 4%) broccoli (31 g 3%) milk (28 g 3%) tomatoes

Liver

Eye Anatomy - The Retina

The eyes retina is the inside back surface and is often compared to camera film with good reason. It is densely filled with light-sensitive cells that receive images brought in by light rays. The cells are of two types: Six to seven million cones which provide color perception and sharp vision in bright light; 75 to 150 million rods which provide vision in dim light;

Deficiency Vitamin A deficiency

Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A deficiency is common in developing countries but rarely seen in developed countries. Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 malnourished children in the developing world go blind each year from a deficiency of vitamin A. Night blindness is one of the first signs of vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A deficiency contributes to blindness by making the cornea very dry and damaging the retina and cornea.
Source: WHO

 The Layer of Rods and Cones Rods and cones are photoreceptors. The structure and function of photoreceptors are described later. The light-sensitive portions of these photoreceptors are contained in the layer of rods and cones. In most regions of the retina, the rods outnumber the cones (there are approximately 100 million rods and 5 million cones in the human retina). One exception to this rule is the region of greatest visual acuity, the fovea (a depression in the center of the macula).

Retinol is one of the animal forms of vitamin A. It is a diterpenoid and an alcohol. It is convertible to other forms of vitamin A, and the retinyl ester derivative of the alcohol serves as the storage form of the vitamin in animals. When converted to the retinal (retinaldehyde) form, vitamin A is essential for vision, and when converted to retinoic acid is essential for skin health, teeth remineralization and bone growth. These chemical compounds are collectively known as retinoids, and possess the structural motif of all-trans retinol as a common feature in their structure. Structurally, all retinoids also possess a ionone ring and a polyunsaturated side chain, with either an alcohol, aldehyde, a carboxylic acid group or an ester group. The side chain is composed of four isoprenoid units, with a series of conjugated double bonds which may exist in trans- or cis-configuration.[1] Retinol is produced in the body from the hydrolysis of retinyl esters, and from the reduction of retinal. Retinol in turn is ingested in a precursor form; animal sources (liver and eggs) contain retinyl esters, whereas plants (carrots, spinach) contain pro-vitamin A carotenoids (these may also be considered simply vitamin A). Hydrolysis of retinyl esters results in retinol, while pro-vitamin A carotenoids can be cleaved to produce retinal by carotene dioxygenase in the intestinal mucosa. Retinal, also known as retinaldehyde, can be reversibly reduced to produce retinol or it can be irreversibly oxidized to produce retinoic acid, which then cannot function as the vitamin in the eye. Commercial production of retinol typically requires retinal synthesis through reduction of a pentadiene derivative and subsequent acidification/hydrolysis of the resulting isomer to produce retinol. Pure retinol is extremely sensitive to oxidization and is prepared and transported at low temperatures and oxygen free atmospheres. When prepared as a dietary supplement, retinol is stabilized as the ester derivatives retinyl acetate or retinyl palmitate.[2]

 Bitot's Spot in Vitamin A Deficiency Xerophthalmia (i/zrflmi/; Greek for dry eyes, from = , dry + , eye) is a medical condition in which the eye fails to produce tears. It may be caused by a deficiency in vitamin A and is sometimes used to describe that lack, although there may be other causes. Xerophthalmia caused by a severe vitamin A deficiency is described by pathologic dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea. The conjunctiva becomes dry, thick and wrinkled. If untreated, it can lead to corneal ulceration and ultimately to blindness as a result of corneal damage.

 Nyctalopia (from Greek -, nykt- "night"; , alaos "blind, not seeing", and , ops "eye") also called "Night Blindness" is a condition making it difficult or impossible to see in relatively low light. It is a symptom of several eye diseases. Night blindness may exist from birth, or be caused by injury or malnutrition (for example, a lack of vitamin A). It can be described as insufficient adaptation to darkness. The most common cause of nyctalopia is retinitis pigmentosa, a disorder in which the rod cells in the retina gradually lose their ability to respond to the light. Patients suffering from this genetic condition have progressive nyctalopia and eventually their daytime vision may also be affected. In Xlinked congenital stationary night blindness, from birth the rods either do not work at all, or work very little, but the condition doesn't get worse. Another cause of night blindness is a deficiency of retinol, or vitamin A, found in fish oils, liver and dairy products. The opposite problem, the inability to see in bright light, is known as hemeralopia and is much rarer.

 During the absorption process in the intestines, retinol is incorporated into chylomicrons as the ester form, and it is these particles that mediate transport to the liver. Liver cells (hepatocytes) store vitamin A as the ester, and when retinol is needed in other tissues, it is de-esterifed and released into the blood as the alcohol. Retinol then attaches to a serum carrier, retinol binding protein, for transport to target tissues. A binding protein inside cells, cellular retinoic acid binding protein, serves to store and move retinoic acid intracellularly. Carotenoid bioavailability ranges between 1/5 to 1/10 of retinol's. Carotenoids are better absorbed when ingested as part of a fatty meal. Also, the carotenoids in vegetables, especially those with tough cell walls (e.g. carrots), are better absorbed when these cell walls are broken up by cooking or mincing.

Biosynthesis of retinol
Retinol is synthesized from the breakdown of -carotene. First the -carotene 15-15-monooxygenase cleaves carotene at the central double bond, creating an epoxide. This epoxide is then attacked by water creating two hydroxyl groups in the center of the structure. The cleavage occurs when these alcohols are reduced to the aldehydes using NADH. This compound is called retinal. Retinal is then reduced to retinol by the enzyme retinol dehydrogenase. Retinol dehydrogenase is an enzyme that is dependent on NADH.[6]

Ujian blok
Peranan vitamin A pada penglihatan Sumber vitmin A yang murah -