Vitamin A

WANDA LASEPA, S.GZ, M.GIZI

Vitamin A

Retinol
β-ionone nucleus Side Chain

• Pro vitamin hanya terdapat pada sumber

makanan nabati (tumbuhan) seperti alpha-
• Vitamin A termasuk salah satu vitamin larut lemak carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin)
• Bentuk aktif tersedia di jaringan hewan • Beta-carotene memiliki 2 cincin β-ionone yang
• Tersusun atas 20 ikatan karbon digantikan oleh β-ionone dihubungkan oleh rantai polyprenoid
nucleus [4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one]
• Side chain composed of three isoprenoid units joined head to
tail at the 6-position of thenβ-ionone nucleus
• Conjugated double-bond system among theside chain and
5,6-nucleus carbon atoms
Provitamin A
Some compounds of the class of polyisoprenoid plant pigments called carotenoids, owing to
their relation to the carotenes, yield retinoids on metabolism and, thus, also have vitamin A
activity; these are called provitamin A carotenoids and include β-carotene, which is actually a
tail-conjoined retinoid dimer.
Active Forms of Vitamin A in
Nature

Aldehyde
Alcohol Acid
↓
↓ ↓
Retinal
Retinol Retinoic Acid
(Retinaldehyde)
Vitamin Vitamin
A1 A2

Dehydrogenate
β-ionone
d β-ionone
nucleus
nucleus
Characteristics of Vitamin A
Fat
soluble

Sensitive to acid,
Active component only oxidation, high
available in animal Characteristic temperature
source , plant source (pro- of Vit A
vitamin)

Sensitive to
heat & alkali
exposure
 Characteristics of Vitamin A (cont..)
Vitamin A activity  retinoids, carotenoids

Unit to express amount of vitamin A

activity  retinol activity equivalents
(RAE), previously retinol equivalent (RE)

International unit  International Unit (IU)

Source of Vitamin A
Source of Vitamin A
& Its Activity
Source of Vitamin A
& Its Amount
 Recommended Nutrient Intake

Angka Kecukupan Gizi (AKG) by PERSAGI USA DRI by Institute of Medicine

(2013) (2001)
 Vision
•Konstituen ungu visual, penting untuk penglihatan malam
•Vitamin A digunakan untuk penglihatan normal dalam cahaya redup
dan untuk beradaptasi dengan perubahan cahaya di sekitarnya
(dim/dark bright)

All-trans retinol  retina 

all-trans retinal 
isomerized to 11-cis retinal
 combines with opsin =
rhodopsin
 Reproduction, Pregnancy, Growth,
and Development
• influence the formation of sperm and ovum, fertilization, formation of structures
Reproduction
and organ, fetal growth and development (RNA and protein synthesis)

• Men : participates in sperm development

Pregnancy
• Women : supports normal fetal development during pregnancy.

• Children lacking vitamin A will fail to grow. When given vitamin A supplements,
Growth, and these children gain weight and grow taller (remodeling)
Development
Penyerapan, Transportasi, Eksresi & Penyimpanan
Penyerapan, Transportasi, Eksresi & Penyimpanan

ABSROPTION
Absorption, Transportation, Excretion & Storage
The purposes of Transportation
To provide the appropriate retinoid in the tissue

Retinoid is to produce retinoic acid (RA). RA

function is to maintain gene expression &
tissue differentiation

To provide retinol in retina

Retinol is to produce 11-cis-retinal
Vitamin A Deficiency
Changes in the Eyes
• Night blindness : Can not see in the dark
• Symptoms : often cling after the sun goes-down, lose the vision
• Xeropthalmia (total blindness) : Damage the cornea and other parts of the eye. Major cause of blindness
in childhood
• Symptoms: cornea becomes dry (xerosis), softening cornea

Infectious diseases
• Vitamin A support immune function and inhibits replication of measles virus
• Initial symptoms: high fever, cough, runny nose,red and watery eyes

Keratinization
• Epithelial changes shape and begin to secrete the protein- keratin
• Symptoms >> skin becomes dry, rough and scaly as lumps of accumulate keratin
• Similar changes also happen in other epithelial tissues such as GI tract, urinary tract, the vagina and inner
ear
Keracunan Vitamin A
• Weaken the bone: Vitamin A does a bone-building activity, stimulates
bone-dismantling activity, and interferes with vitamin D’s ability to
maintain normal blood calcium.
• Symptoms: thinning and fracture of long bones
• Other Symptoms : Dry lips, dryness and fragility of the nasal mucosa,
leading to dry eyes and conjunctivitis, dry skin, hair loss and nail fragility
• Birth defects

Signs of Hypervitaminosis
Organ Affected Signs
General Muscle and joint pants,headache
Skin Erythema,hair loss
Mucous Membranes Dry eyes, dry lips, dryness of nasal
mucosa
Liver dysfunction
Birth Defects
Leads to abnormal cell death in the spinal cord, which increases the risk of birth
defects such as spontaneus abortion, deafness and microcephaly
STORAGE

Retinol Esterifikasi
Liver

Stellate cell (<15% total liver cell)

Doesn’t too acumulate

Form RE + Lipid Droplet

Recommended Nutrient Intake

Angka Kecukupan Gizi (AKG) by USA DRI by Institute of

PERSAGI (2013) Medicine (2001)
reference
Almatsier, Sunita. (2010). Prinsip Dasar Ilmu Gizi. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama : Jakarta
Peckenpaugh, N.J., (2010). Nutrition Essentials and Diet Therapy. Saunders Elsevier : Missouri
Whitney E., Rolfe S. R. 2016.Understanding Nutrition, Fourteenth Edition. USA.
Smollin, Grosvenor. 2010. Nutrition Science and Applications. Wiley.
Yang Li et. Al . 2014 The multifaceted nature of retinoid transport and metabolism. Hepatobiliary
Surg Nutr 2014;3(3):126-139
Vitamin D

WANDA LASEPA, S.GZ,

M.GIZI
Vitamin D

Vitamin D adalah deskriptor

generik untuk semua steroid
yang secara kualitatif
menunjukkan aktivitas
biologis colecalciferol (cincin
steroid A,C, D)
Chemical Structure of the vitamin D
groups

Vitamin D2 (satu sisi

samping terdiri 9
carbons and a single
double bond) disebut
ergocalciferol
Vitamin D3 is
vitamin D active
compounds
with that
surface are
derivates of
cholecalciferol.
Konversi 7-dehidrokolesterol menjadi previtamin D3 oleh sinar UV 282–310 nm dan
keseimbangan yang bergantung pada suhu antara previtamin D3 dan vitamin D3
Characteristic vitamin D
Not an essential nutrient
Tidak larut air
Sensitif terhadap oxygen, cahaya, and iodine
Stabil dalam bentuk kering, pada larutan organik dan most plant oils
Stabil pada suhu panas
Stabil jika disimpan dalam jangka waktu lama
Classification and Food sources of Vitamin D

• Terdapat utamanya di tanaman

• Ergocalciferol and its precursor erosterol are found
in plants, fungi, molds, and some intervertebrates
Ergocalciferol (e.g snail and worms)
(Vitamin D2)

• Derived from animal foods and from synthesis in

the skin
Cholecalciferol • The richest source  fish liver and oils
(Vitamin D3)
Sumber Vitamin D
Recommendation Dietary Intake

• AKG menyarankan untuk paling tidak

mengkonsumsi 2 cangkir susu yang telah
terfortifikasi vitamin D
• Meeting vitamin D needs is difficult
without adequate sunshine,
fortification, or supplementation.
Physiological Functions
Vitamin D Synthesis and Activation

Vitamin D has a binding

protein that carries it to
the target organs (the
intestines, the kidneys, and
the bones)
Role in the body
Bone growth

• Peran vitamin D pada kesehatan tulang adalah membantu

dalam penyerapan calcium dan fosfor. Sehingga, tulang akan
lebih padat dan tumbuh dengan kuat karena menyerap dan
menyimpan mineral tersebut

Other rules

• Brain and nerve : vitamin D protects against cognitive decline

and slows the progression of Parkinson disease
• Muscle : encourages growth in children and preserves
strength in adults
• Immune system : to defend against infectious diseases
Role in the body

Vitamin D regulate the cells of the adipose tissue in

ways that might influence the development of obesity

Protect against metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes,

tuberculosis, inflammation, multiple sclerosis
macular degeneration, hypertension, and some
cancers
Absorption
Largest amount of vit D is absorbed in the distal small intestine

80 % Absoption of vitamin D is through the

chylomicron fraction and the lymphatic system

20 % absorbtion is through the endogenous vit D that

sun light has role in this mechanism.

Primary route of vit D excretion is through

the bile.
Excretion Less than 4% from vit D3 appears in the
urine
Vitamin D Deficiency
Rickets

Osteomalacia

Osteoporosis
Rickets
The bones fail to calcify normally
Symptoms: loss of appetite, muscle weakness,
failure of bone to mineralize (deformation,
swollen joints, delayed tooth eruption, bone
pain, and tenderness)
Osteomalasia
Poor mineralization of bones causes the bones
become increasingly soft, flexible, brittle and
deformed.
Symptoms: muscular weakness, low sperm
motility and number, bone tenderness and
pain
Osteoporosis
A condition of reduced bone density
Symptoms:
◦ Type 1 osteoporosis: distal radial and
vertebral fractures
◦ Type 2 osteoporosis: fractures of the hips,
proximal humerus, and pelvis
Vitamin D Toxicity
Toxicity →excess blood calcium → precipitate in the soft tissue → forms stones in kidneys
Symptoms: anorexia, vomiting, headache, drowsiness, diarrhea, and polyuria.
It will ultimately leads to calcinosis → deposits of calcium in soft tissues esp. heart and kidney
also the vascular and respiratory system
It can also harden the blood vessels esp. dangerous in the major arteries of the brain, heart, and
lungs → death
Reference
F. Combs, Jr., Gerald. The Vitamins Fundamental Aspect in Nutrition and Health 3 rd ed., 2008
Smollin and Grosvenor. 2010. Nutrition Science and Applications. Wiley.
Withney, Ellie and Rolfes, Sharon Rady. 2008. Understanding Nutrition 11ed, Thomson Wadson: USA.
Yang Li et. Al . 2014 The multifaceted nature of retinoid transport and metabolism. Hepatobiliary Surg
Nutr 2014;3(3):126-139
Almatsier, Sunita. (2010). Prinsip Dasar Ilmu Gizi. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama : Jakarta
Peckenpaugh, N.J., (2010). Nutrition Essentials and Diet Therapy. Saunders Elsevier : Missouri
Gerald F. Combs, Jr., Ph.D. The Vitamins 3rd ed. 2008
Berdanier, Carolyn D. and Janos Zempleni. Advanced nutrition : Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and
Metabolism, 5th ed. New York: CRC Press, 2009.