NUTRITION

Food CHO = 2,000 x 0.5 = 1,000 calories

 Provide energy and new molecules to = 1,000 calories /4 = 250 grams
replace those that the body uses
CHON = 2,000 x 0.2 = 400 calories
Nutrients = 400 calories/4 = 100 grams
 Component of food and drink that provide
growth, replacement, and energy Fats = 2,000 x 0.3 = 600 calories
- Carbohydrates = 600 calories/9 = 66.67 grams
- Lipids
- Proteins CHO 250 grams
- Vitamins CHON 100 grams
- Minerals Lipids 66.6 grams
- Water 416.6 grams/day

Vitamin
 Is an organic compound required as a
nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism
that must be obtained from diet because
the body cannot synthesize it
 Derived from the Latin word “vita” which
means “life” and “amine” which was
thought to have amine group
 4 Fat-Soluble Vitamins
 9 Water-Soluble Vitamins
(B complex and Non B complex)

Calories
 Measurement of amount of energy
derived from food
 1000 Cal = 1 kCal
 Recommended Dietary Allowance
 2,000 = female
 2,500 = male
 Recommended Nutritional Requirements
Per Day
 Carbohydrates (45 – 65%)
 Proteins (10 – 35%)
 Lipids (20 – 35%)
CHO 4 cal/gram Fat-Soluble Vitamins
CHON 4 cal/gram 1) Vitamin A
Lipids 9 cal/gram  Other name: Retinoids – Retinol,
Retinal, Retinoic Acid

 Best food sources:

Example: using 2000 calories diet  Egg yolks and dairy products
 - Provide retinyl esters
that are hydrolyzed to
retinoids in the
intestine
 Carotenoids (precursor forms
of Vit. A) 2) Vitamin D
o Beta-Carotene: which
can be cleaved to yield
2 molecules of Vit A,
yellow to red-orange
pigment
 Functions:
 Vision
o Retinal combines with
protein opsin to form
the visual pigment
rhodopsin
 Regulating cell differentiation
o Retinoic acid binds to
protein receptors, then
the complex binds to
regulatory regions of
DNA molecules
 Maintenance of the Health of
Epithelial Cells
o Retinoic acid is related
to cellular
differentiation
involving mucus-
secreting cells
- Lack of this
causes surfaces
to become drier 3) Vitamin E
and harder than
normal
 Reproduction and Growth
o Men: participates in
sperm development
o Women: normal fetal
development during
pregnancy
 Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
nightblindness/blindness and
keratinization of epithelium and
cornea
 Best Food Source: liver, butter, egg,
yolk, carrots, spinach, sweet potatoes
 Other name: Calciferol
 2 Members
 Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
o Produced in the skin of
humans and animals by
the action of sunlight
 Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)
o Produced from the
planet sterol ergosterol
through the action of
light
 Function:
 Stimulates absorption of
calcium and phosphate ions
from the GIT and aids in the
retention by the kidneys
 Triggers deposition of calcium
salts into the organic matrix of
bones
 Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
 Rickets (children): pliable
bones
 Osteomalacia (adults):
fragile bones
 Best Food Source: salmon, liver, egg
yolks
 Other name: Alpha-, beta-, delta-,
gamma-tocopherol
 Most abundant (Alpha
tocopherol)
 Function:
 Antioxidant
o Giving up the hydrogen
present on its OH
group to oxygen-
containing free radicals
  Preventing the oxidation of
polyunsaturated fatty acids
in membrane lipids
 Protects Vitamin A from
oxidation
 Exerts it antioxidant effect in
the lungs
 Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
 In cases of malabsorption
such as cystic fibrosis:
anemia
 In premature infants: anemia
 Best food source:
 Gamma-tocopherol is the
main form in food
 Plant oils, green leafy
vegetables, and whole grain
products
4) Vitamin K
 Other name: Phylloquinone
 Synthesized by intestinal
bacteria and from the diet
 Function: blood clotting, essential in
the formation of Vitamin K-
dependent clotting factors
 Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
uncontrolled bleeding (mostly in
newborns)
 Best Food Source: spinach,
potatoes, cauliflower, beef, liver
Water-Soluble Vitamins
1) Vitamin B1
 Other name: Thiamine
 Function: coenzyme in oxidative
carboxylation and in the pentose
phosphate shunt
 Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
 Beriberi
 In alcoholics: heart failure
 Pulmonary congestion
 Best Food Source: beans, soybeans,
cereals, ham, liver
2) Vitamin B2
 Other name: Riboflavin
 Causes pee to be yellow
 Function: coenzyme of oxidative
processes
 Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
 Invasion of cornea by
capillaries
 Cheilosis
 Dermatitis
 Best Food Source: kidney, liver,
yeast, almonds, mushrooms, beans
3) Vitamin B3: Nicotinic Acid
 Other name: Niacin
 Function: coenzyme of oxidative
processes
 Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
pellagra
  Best Food Source: prunes, peaches,
avocados, fish, meat, mushrooms,
peanuts, bread, rice, beans, berries
4) Vitamin B5
 Other name: Pantothenic Acid
 Function: part of CoA, fat and
carbohydrate metabolism
 Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
 Gastrointestinal disturbances
 Depression
 Best Food Source: peanuts,
soybeans, liver, kidney, brain, heart
5) Vitamin B6
 Other name: Pyridoxine
 Function: coenzyme in
transamination, heme synthesis
 Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
 Convulsions
 Chronic anemia
 Peripheral neuropathy
 Best Food Source: meat, fish, nuts,
oats, wheat
6) Vitamin B7
 Other name: Biotin
 Function: synthesis of fatty acids
 Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
 Dermatitis
 Nausea
 Depression
 Best Food Source: yeast, liver,
kidney, nuts, egg yolk
7) Vitamin B9
 Other name: Folic Acid;
Pteroylglutamic Acid
 Function: coenzyme in methylation
and in DNA synthesis
 Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
anemia
 Best Food Source: liver, kidneys,
eggs, spinach, orange juice
8) Vitamin B12
 Other name: Cyanocobalamin
 Function: part of methyl-removing
enzyme in folate metabolism
 Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
 Pathcy demyelination
 Degradation of nerves, spinal
cord, and brain
 Best Food Source: oysters, salmon,
liver, kidney
9) Vitamin C
 Other name: Ascorbic Acid
 Function:
 Co-substrate in the
formation of the structural
protein collagen
 Maintains iron in the
oxidation state that allows it
to function (specific
antioxidant)
 General antioxidant for
water-soluble substances in
the blood and other body
fluids
 Helps keep the active form of
folate
 Often added as food
preservative because of its
antioxidant properties
 Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases:
scurvy
 Best Food Source: citrus fruits,
berries, cabbage, tomatoes
 Minerals
Potassium Copper
Sodium Manganese
Calcium Chromium
Chloride Molybdenum
Phosphorus Cobalt
Magnesium Selenium
Iron Iodine
Zinc Fluorine