Chemistry: The Study of Change

Chapter 1 Dr. Ali Bumajdad

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Chapter 1 Topics Introduction

The Scientific Method Units, Prefix, and Unit Conversion Accuracy, Precision and Significant Figure Temperature Scales Density Matter, Mixtures and separation methods Physical and Chemical change Extensive and Intensive properties

Dr. Ali Bumajdad

The Scientific method The Scientific method: Overall philosophy of approach to the study of nature.

observation

Law Hypotheses Statements of tentative explanation fact of experiments often in equation results form

Theory tested explanation of experiments results

qualitative quantitative no numbers numbers 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl concentration

Note that theory is not fact and it could be wrong but we need to proof it.

Units, Prefix, and Unit Conversion

 SI-Derived Unit
Area = m2 Volume = m3 Speed = m/s Unit conversion Usually we use 1) Factor-label method : units undergo the same kind of mathematical operation as numbers 2) Conversion Factor: a fraction that we use to change the units

Accuracy, Precision and Significant Figure Accuracy how close a measurement is to the true value :
A -TRUE

Precision how close a set of measurements are to each other

P - EACH

accurate & precise

precise but not accurate

not accurate & not precise

e.g. How many mL are in 1.63 L?

1 L = 1000 mL

1000 mL 1.63 L x 1L

1630 mL

e.g. The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is this speed in miles per hour? meters to miles seconds to hours 1 min = 60 s

1 mi = 1609 m

1 hour = 60 min

 Sig. Fig.
Sig. Fig. = important numbers important numbers = all the number I am sure about it + one estimated number
1) Nonzero digits always count as S. F. 2) Zeros between nonzero always count as S.F. 3) Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit not count as S.F. 4) Zeros at right end of numbers significant only if there is a decimal point 5) For and , the no. of S. F. in the result = the least no. of S. F. used in the operation 6) For + and -, the no. of decimal places in the result = the least no. of decimal places in the operation 7) If the first digit after the S. F. is < 5, drop the digits that follow the S.F. numbers. 6) If the first digit after the S. F. is 5, drop the digits that follow the S.F. numbers and add 1 to the last digit 7) Exact numbers ( numbers contain no uncertainty) are not considered in the calculating of S. F.

e.g. How many significant figures are in each of the following measurements?
24 mL 3001 g 0.0320 m3 6.4 x 104 molecules 2 significant figures

4 significant figures
3 significant figures 2 significant figures

560 kg

2 significant figures

e.g. Addition or Subtraction

89.332 +1.1?? 90.432
One decimal place (one significant figure after decimal point)

round off to 90.4 two decimal places round off to 0.79

3.70?? -2.9133 0.7867

Multiplication or Division
4.51 x 3.6666 = 16.536366 = 16.5

6.8 112.04 = 0.0606926 = 0.061

e.g. Exact Numbers

Numbers from definitions or numbers of objects are considered to have an infinite number of significant figures

e.g. The average of three measured lengths; 6.64, 6.68 and 6.70?

6.64 + 6.68 + 6.70 = 6.67333 = 7 = 6.67 3

Sa Ex. 1.4: Write the answer with te correct Sig. Fig.

Because 3 is an exact number a) (1.05 10-3) 6.135 = 1.71149 10-4 = 1.71 10-4 b) 21 13.8 = 7.2 = 7

C) P V/T , where P = 2.560, T= 275.15, V = 8.8 = 0.0818753 = 8.2 10-2

Temperature Scales

TC = TK 273.15

TC = (TF 32) 5 9 TF = (TC 9 ) + 32 5

TK = TC+ 273.15

e.g. Convert 172.9 0F to degrees Celsius. TC = 78.3 0C

Sa. Ex. 1.12 Liquid nitrogen boil at 77.0 K convert to Fahrenheit. TF= -321 0F

Density

SI derived unit for density is kg/m3 1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3 mass density = volume

m d= V

e.g. A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5 g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its mass?
m d= V m = d x V = 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g

Matter, Mixtures and Separation methods A Matter any thing occupies a space and has a mass

gas

Three States

liquid

solid

mixture composition mixture composition composition that can be is constant not constant broken down into elements
by chemical process OR Two or more different atoms bind together by a chemical bond

substance with constant

substance that can not be decompose into simpler form by chemical or physica change

What is the different between element and atom?

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities.

1. Homogenous mixture composition of the mixture is the same throughout.

soft drink, milk, solder 2. Heterogeneous mixture composition is not uniform throughout. cement, iron filings in sand

Physical methods can be used to separate a mixture into its pure components.

Physical and Chemical change

A physical change does not alter the composition or identity of a substance. sugar dissolving ice melting in water A chemical change alters the composition or identity of the substance(s) involved.

hydrogen burns in air to form water

Extensive and Intensive properties

An extensive property of a material depends upon how much matter is is being considered.
mass
length volume

An intensive property of a material does not depend upon how much matter is is being considered.
density temperature

color