Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Life
John Keats, one of the greatest English poets and a major figure in the Romantic movement, was born in 1795 in Moorefield, London. His father died when he was eight and his mother when he was 14; these sad circumstances drew him particularly close to his two brothers, George and Tom, and his sister Fanny.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Keats was well educated at a school in Enfield, where he began a Keats was well educated at a school in Enfield, where he began a translation of Virgil's Aeneid. In 1810 he was apprenticed to an apothecary-surgeon. His first attempts at writing poetry date from about 1814, and include an `Imitation' of the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
In 1815 he left his apprenticeship and became a student at Guy's Hospital, London; one year later, he abandoned the profession of medicine for poetry.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Keats' first volume of poems was published in 1817. It attracted some good reviews, but these were followed by the first of several harsh attacks by the influential Blackwood's Magazine. Undeterred, he pressed on with his poem `Endymion', which was published in the spring of the following year.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Keats toured the north of England and Scotland in the summer of 1818, returning home to nurse his brother Tom, who was ill with tuberculosis. After Tom's death in December he moved into a friend's house in Hampstead, now known as Keats House.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
There he met and fell deeply in love with a young neighbour, Fanny Brawne. During the following year, despite ill health and financial problems, he wrote an astonishing amount of poetry, including `The Eve of St Agnes', 'La Belle Dame sans Merci', `Ode to a Nightingale' and `To Autumn'.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
His second volume of poems appeared in July 1820; soon afterwards, by now very ill with tuberculosis, he set off with a friend to Italy, where he died the following February.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Keats and his friend Joseph Severn arrived in Rome, after an arduous journey, in November 1820. They found lodgings in a house near the Spanish Steps. Keats rallied a little at first, and was able to take gentle walks and rides, but by early December he was confined to bed, extremely ill with a high fever.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Severn nursed him devotedly throughout the next few distressing and painful weeks. Keats died peacefully, clasping his friend's hand, on 23 February 1821.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Here lies one whose name was writ in water The Grave of Keats Where young grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies Ode to a Nightingale
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Ode to a Nightingale
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
LOGO
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
LOGO
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
LOGO
LOGO
Content: He looks at a picture that seems to depict a group of men pursuing a group of women and wonders what their story could be: "What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? / What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy?"
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
But each attempt ultimately ends in failure. The third attempt fails simply because there is nothing more to say-once the speaker confronts the silence and eternal emptiness of the little town, he has reached the limit of static art; on this subject, at least, there is nothing more the urn can tell him.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
In stanza one, lines seven through ten are rhymed DCE; in stanza two, CED; and in stanza five, DCE, just as in stanza one. As in other odes (especially "Autumn" and "Melancholy"), the two-part rhyme scheme (the first part made of AB rhymes, the second of CDE rhymes) creates the sense of a two-part thematic structure as well.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
The first four lines of each stanza roughly define the subject of the stanza, and the last six roughly explicate or develop it. (As in other odes, this is only a general rule, true of some stanzas more than others; stanzas such as the fifth do not connect rhyme scheme and thematic structure closely at all.)
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Ode on Melancholy
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Ode on Melancholy
Summary The three stanzas of the "Ode on Melancholy" address the subject of how to cope with sadness.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Ode on Melancholy
Summary The first stanza tells what not to do: The sufferer should not "go to Lethe," or forget their sadness.
For shade to shade will come too drowsily, And drown the wakeful anguish of the soul. (Line9-10)
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Ode on Melancholy
Summary In the second stanza, the speaker tells the sufferer what to do in place of the things he forbade in the first stanza. When afflicted with "the melancholy fit," the sufferer should instead overwhelm his sorrow with natural beauty, glutting it on the morning rose, "on the rainbow of the salt sand-wave," or in the eyes of his beloved.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Ode on Melancholy
Summary In the third stanza, the speaker explains these injunctions, saying that pleasure and pain are inextricably linked: Beauty must die, joy is fleeting, and the flower of pleasure is forever. Turning to poison while the bee-mouth sips." The speaker says that the shrine of melancholy is inside the "temple of Delight," but that it is only visible if one can overwhelm oneself with joy until it reveals its center of sadness, by "burst[ing] Joy's grape against his palate fine." The man who can do this shall "taste the sadness" of melancholy's might and "be among her cloudy trophies hung."
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Ode on Melancholy
Vocabulary and Allusions
Stanza I
Line 1, Lethe: river in the underworld Hades in which souls about to be reborn bathed to forget the past; hence, river of forgetfulness. Line 2, wolf's-bane: poison Line 4, nightshade: poison Proserpine: the queen of the underworld. Proserpine was kidnapped by Pluto and taken to Hades, his kingdom. Her mother Demeter, the goddess of fertility and grain, grieve for her loss and the earth became sterile. Line 5, yew-berries: symbol of mourning. The yew is traditionally associated with mourning. rosary: prayer beads.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Ode on Melancholy
Vocabulary and Allusions
Stanza I
Line 6, beetle: The Egyptians regarded the beetle as sacred; as a symbol of resurrection, a jewel-beetle or scarab was placed in tombs. death-moth: the death's head moth, so called because its markings resemble a human skull. Line 7, Psyche: in Greek, the soul or mind as well as butterfly (used as its emblem). Line 8, mysteries: secret rites.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Ode on Melancholy
Vocabulary and Allusions
Stanza III
Line 8, palate: the roof of the mouth, hence, the sense of taste; sometimes, intellectual or aesthetic taste. fine: refined, sensitive.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
Ode on Melancholy
Form
"Ode on Melancholy," the shortest of Keats's odes, is written in a very regular form that matches its logical, argumentative thematic structure. Each stanza is ten lines long and metered in a relatively precise iambic pentameter. The first two stanzas, offering advice to the sufferer, follow the same rhyme scheme, ABABCDECDE; the third, which explains the advice, varies the ending slightly, following a scheme of ABABCDEDCE, so that the rhymes of the eighth and ninth lines are reversed in order from the previous two stanzas.
www.themegallery.com
LOGO
LOGO