BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Agustn Fuentes

CHAPTER 9 THE RISE OF MODERN HUMANS

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Chapter Content

Archaic Homo Sapiens Material Culture of the Archaic Humans Anatomically Modern Humans Material Culture Debate Over Modern Human Origins Models of Human Evolution

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Archaic Homo Sapiens

Homo heidelbergensis
Africa,

Europe, Asia 600,000-200,000 years ago Robust, thick cranial walls Separated supraorbital tori Brains >1000cc Transitional form

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Archaic Homo Sapiens

Figure 9.2 Cranial features of Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, and Homo sapiens
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Archaic Homo Sapiens

Homo neanderthalensis
Europe,

Middle East 300,000- 27,000 years ago Brains avg 1400cc Midface prognathism Retromolar gap Very large incisors

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Archaic Homo Sapiens

Figure 9.7 Neanderthal Fossils

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Compared to Modern Homo Sapiens

Homo sapiens
Global
~160,000-present Brain

avg 1350cc Canine fossa, MQ 0.9 High, rounded cranium Chin, no retromolar gap

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Material Culture of the Archaic Humans

Increased complexity in tool use and hunting Dietary and behavior changes High levels of communal cooperation Postmortem modification of bodies

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Material Culture of the Archaic Humans

Figure 9.9 Reconstruction of a Wood Shelter

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Material Culture of the Archaic Humans

Figure 9.11 Mousterian Tools

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Anatomically Modern Humans

Defined morphologically, not behaviorally

Cranium
Teeth Chin

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Anatomically Modern Humans

Figure 9.15 Homo sapiens Cranium from Skhul, Israel

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Anatomically Modern Fossils

Found in:
Africa

(160,000 years ago) Middle East (110,000 years ago) Asia (70,000 years ago) Australia (60,000 years ago) Europe (40,000 years ago) Americas (14,000 years ago)

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Material Culture

Fossils from 50,000 to 40,000 years ago Blades and associated industries Human tool kit Impact on diet Art and symbols Burial of the dead and postmortem modification

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Material Culture

Figure 9.17 Blade Tools

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Material Culture

Figure 9.19 Eyed Needles

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Material Culture

Figure 9.20 A Variety of Upper Paleolithic Carved Objects

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Material Culture

Figure 9.22 Aboriginal Wall Painting from Queensland, Australia

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Debate Over Modern Human Origins

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Difficulties:
Contradictory

and geographically limited fossil

evidence Newer genetic information complicates previous interpretations The positioning of the origin of our species has great consequence in evolutionary and philosophical contexts

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Models of Human Evolution

Figure 9.23 The Recent African Origins (RAO) Model of Human Evolution 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Models of Human Evolution

Figure 9.25 The Multiple Dispersal (MD) Model of Human Evolution

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