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1 1 1 1
MD ls lkd md
L L L L
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qd0 Equations for Permanent
Magnet Synchronous Motor (contd)
Under steady state conditions where e=e
e
as
in the case of E
f
in the wound field
synchronous motor, we can express e
e
m
or
x
md
i
m
by E
m
, the permanent magnets
excitation voltage on the stator side. If the
stator resistance is neglected and the E
f
term
in the earlier torque expression replaced by
E
m
, the torque of a permanent magnet
synchronous motor in terms of the rms phase
voltage V
a
at its terminal can be written as:
2
1 1
3 sin sin 2
2
a m
e a
e d q d
V E P
T V
X X X
o o
e
(
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= +
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( \ .
\ .
Simulation of PM Synchronous Motor
A line-start permanent magnet motor
has magnets embedded in the rotor to
provide synchronous excitation and a
rotor cage provides induction motor
torque for starting. Thus it is a high
efficiency synchronous motor with self-
start capability when operated from a
fixed frequency voltage source.
Simulation of PM Synchronous
Motor (contd)
The simulation equations for the PM
synchronous motor are given below:
Simulation of PM Synchronous
Motor (contd)
Simulation of PM Synchronous
Motor (contd)
The Simulink file s4 in Ch.7 Ong implements a
simulation of a line-start 3u PM synchronous
motor connected directly to a 60Hz, 3u supply
of rated voltage. The overall block diagram is:
Simulation of PM Synchronous
Motor (contd)
This slide and the next few slides show the
internal blocks of the Simulink model.
Simulation of PM Synchronous
Motor (contd)
Simulation of PM Synchronous
Motor (contd)
Simulation of PM Synchronous
Motor (contd)
Simulation of PM Synchronous
Motor (contd)
Simulation of PM Synchronous
Motor (contd)
Simulation of PM Synchronous
Motor (contd)
Trapezoidal Surface Magnet Motor
A trapezoidal surface permanent magnet
motor is the same as a sinusoidal PM
motor except the 3u winding has a
concentrated full-pitch distribution instead
of a sinusoidal distribution.
Trapezoidal Surface Magnet Motor
(contd)
This 2-pole motor has a gap in the rotor
magnets to reduce flux fringing effects
and the stator has 4 slots per phase
winding per pole. As the machine rotates
the flux linkage will vary linearly except
when the magnet gap passes through the
phase axis. If the machine is driven by a
prime mover, the stator phase voltages
will have a trapezoidal wave shape as
shown on the next slide.
Trapezoidal Surface Magnet Motor
(contd)
Trapezoidal Surface Magnet Motor
(contd)
An electronic inverter is required to
establish a six-step current wave to
generate torque. With the help of an
inverter and an absolute-position sensor
mounted on the shaft, both sinusoidal
and trapezoidal SPM motors can serve as
brushless dc motors (although the
trapezoidal SPM motor gives closer dc
machine-like performance).
Synchronous Reluctance Motor
A synchronous reluctance motor has the
same structure as that of a salient pole
synchronous motor except that it does
not have a field winding on the rotor.
Synchronous Reluctance Motor (contd)
The stator has a 3u, symmetrical winding
which creates a sinusoidal rotating field in
the air gap. This causes a reluctance torque
to be created on the rotor because the
magnetic field induced in the rotor causes it
to align with the stator field in a minimum
reluctance position. The torque developed in
this type of motor can be expressed as:
2
( )
3 sin 2
2 2
ds qs
e s
ds qs
L L
P
T
L L
o
| |
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=
|
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\ .
\ .
Synchronous Reluctance Motor (contd)
The reluctance torque stability limit can be
seen to occur at (see figure below). / 4 o t =
Synchronous Reluctance Motor (contd)
Iron laminations separated by non-magnetic
materials increases reluctance flux in the
q
e
-axis. With proper design, the reluctance
motor performance can approach that of an
induction motor, although it is slightly
heavier and has a lower power factor. Their
low cost and robustness has seen them
increasingly used for low power applications,
such as in fiber-spinning mills.
Variable Reluctance Motors
A variable reluctance motor has double
saliency, i.e. both the rotor and stator have
saliency. There are two groups of variable
reluctance motors: stepper motors and
switched reluctance motors. Stepper motors
are not suitable for variable speed drives.
Ref: A. Hughes, Electric Motors and Drives, 2nd. Edn. Newnes
Switched Reluctance Motors
The structure of a switched reluctance
motor is shown below. This is a 4-phase
machine with 4 stator-pole pairs and 3
rotor-pole pairs (8/6 motor). The rotor has
neither windings nor permanent magnets.
Switched Reluctance Motors (contd)
The stator poles have concentrated
winding rather than sinusoidal winding.
Each stator-pole pair winding is excited
by a converter phase, until the
corresponding rotor pole-pair is aligned
and is then de-energized. The stator-pole
pairs are sequentially excited using a
rotor position encoder for timing.
Switched Reluctance Motors (contd)
The inductance of a stator-pole pair and
corresponding phase currents as a function
of angular position is shown below.
Switched Reluctance Motors (contd)
Applying the stator pulse when the
inductance profile has positive slope
induces forward motoring torque.
Applying the stator pulse during the time
that the inductance profile has negative
slope induces regenerative braking
torque.
A single phase is excited every 60 with
four consecutive phases excited at 15
intervals.
Switched Reluctance Motors (contd)
The torque is given by:
where m=inductance slope and
i=instantaneous current.
2
1
2
e
T mi =
Switched Reluctance Motors (contd)
Switched reluctance motors are growing in
popularity because of their simple design and
robustness of construction. They also offer
the advantages of only having to provide
positive currents, simplifying the inverter
design. Also, shoot-through faults are not an
issue because each of the main switching
devices is connected in series with a motor
winding. However, the drawbacks of this type
of motor are the pulsating nature of their
torque and they can be acoustically noisy
(although improved mechanical design has
mitigated this problem.)