GSM Link Budget

Mobile Radio Network Planning & Optimization Dept.

Objective
After studying this course, you will
Know whats the aim of link budget
Master the course of link budget
Understand the impact factors of link budget
Catalog
Summarization
Course
Analysis
Case
Link Budget
Target
Through the balance analysis and calculate of the power of up/down link,
we could get the max TxPwr of the BS, and avoid useless downlink
coverage, minish interference and system noise, this is the basis of a
good communication network service.

Definition
Through the examination and analysis of the diversified influence factors
in the up/down link of the system and the evaluation of the coverage
capacity, we could get the max allowable pass loss of the link under some
fixed call quality demand.
Link Budget Sketch map(DL)
WLL subscribers
path loss = 158.2 dB
Combiner
Loss = 4.4 dB
Feeder
Loss = 2 dB
Rx Sensitivity
- 102 dBm
Tx Power
47.8 dBm (60W)
Antenna
Gain = 14.8 dBi
- 102 dBm
56.2 dBm
41.4 dBm
43.4 dBm
Includes Total
Margins (outdoor)
Link Budget
Link Budget Sketch map(UL) Link Budget
WLL subscribers
path loss = 159.8 dB
Feeder
Loss = 2 dB
Tx Power
33 dBm (2W)
Antenna
Gain = 14.8 dBi
Diversity
Gain = 3 dB
33 dBm
- 126.8 dBm
- 109 dBm
- 111 dBm
Rx Sensitivity
-112 dBm
Duplexer
Loss = 1 dB
Includes Total
Margins (outdoor)
Catalog
Summarization
Course
Analysis
Case
Link Budget Template
Diversified loss
Remained Margin
Diversified Gain
Network Pattern and Equipment
Link Budget
MS/BTS TxPow, Rx Sensitivity
The size of a BS pattern influence the
choice of the CDU
Fast decline loss margin
Shadow margin
Interference margin
BS Antenna Gain
MS Antenna Gain
TMA Gain
Pass loss
Body loss
Incar loss
Vegetation loss
Penetration loss
Feeder and Interface loss
CDU loss
Analysis of the course of Link Budget
According to the protocol of GSM, the TxPow of MS is as follow
Loss
Margin
Gain
Equipment
Link Budget

Power class GSM 900 Nominal
Maximum output power
DCS 1800 Nominal
Maximum output power
PCS 1900 Nominal
Maximum output power
1 1 W (30 dBm) 1 W (30 dBm)
2 8 W (39 dBm) 0.25 W (24 dBm) 0.25 W (24 dBm)
3 5 W (37 dBm) 4 W (36 dBm) 2 W (33 dBm)
4 2 W (33 dBm)
5 0.8 W (29 dBm)
Analysis of the course of Link Budget

The TxPow, Rx Sensitivity and Max BS size of our company products
GSM BTS V2 & V3 are as follow:

Products Series
Modulate
Mode
TxPower
Rx Sensitivity
Max BS Size
BTS V3
B8018
GMSK 60 W 47.78 dBm
-112 dBm S18/18/18
8PSK 31 W 45 dBm
B8112
GMSK 60 W 47.78 dBm
-112 dBm S12/12/12
8PSK 31 W 45 dBm
M8202
GMSK 30 W 44.78 dBm
-110 dBm S2/2/2 or O6
8PSK 20 W 43 dBm
BTS V2

GMSK 40W 46 dBm -110 dBm S12/12/12

GMSK 80W 49 dBm -110 dBm S6/6/6

8PSK 30W 44.78 dBm -110 dBm S12/12/12
(EDGE)
GMSK 60W 47.7 dBm -110 dBm S12/12/12

OB06
GMSK 40W 46 dBm -110 dBm S6/6/6
BS30
GMSK 40W 46 dBm -110 dBm S2/2/2
BS21
GMSK 40W 46 dBm -110 dBm S2/2/2
GMSK 80W 49 dBm -112 dBm S1/1/1
Equipment
Analysis of the course of Link Budget
Pass loss
Body loss
Incar loss
Vegetation loss
Penetration loss
Feeder and Interface loss
CDU loss
Analysis of the course of Link Budget
Loss
Margin
Gain
Equipment
Link Budget
Pass loss
the radio wave loss while propagating;
Body loss
generally speaking, for CS traffic, the body loss is 3dBfor PS traffic, the body loss is 0dB;
Incar loss
generally the incar loss is 8~10dB;
Vegetation loss
inside the hurstthe loss of 900MHz is 0.2dB/m1800MHz is 0.3dB/mpartly through the
hurst or circle aroundthe loss is 20dB/decwhen there are woods around the received
antenna and its height is lower than the woods, the loss is 10dB
Penetration loss
generally the loss is 10 25dBit is related to the material of the construction and its thickness;
Diversified Loss
Region 900M lossdB 1800M lossdB
DU 1822 2327
U 1520 2025
SU/RU 1015 1520
Analysis of the course of Link Budget
Feeder loss
Feeder type lossdB/100m
900M 1800/1900M
1/2 soft
jumper
7.22 11.3
7/8 main
feeder
3.89 6.15
15/8 main
feeder
2.34 3.84
CDU loss
1CDUCombiner Distribution Unit

L
N
A

ANT
TX1
TX2
RX1
RX2
RX3
RX4
ERX1
ERX2
ETX
Analysis of the course of Link Budget
Diversified Loss
CDU loss

2ECDUE Combiner Distribution Unit
ANTD
RX2
RXD1
RXD2
RX1

ITX
LNA

LNA

ANT
3RDUReceiver Distribution Unit
Analysis of the course of Link Budget
Diversified Loss
TX3
RX2
RX3
RX4

RX1

TX4
TX2
TX1
OTX1
OTX2
ERX1
ERX2
CDU loss
4CEUCombiner Extension Unit
5CENUCombiner Extension Net Unit
TX3
RX2
RX3
RX4

RX1

TX4
TX2
TX1
OTX1
OTX2
ERX1
ERX2
TX5
TX6
TX3
RX5~RX8

RX1~RX4

TX4
TX2
TX1
OTX1
OTX2
ERX1
ERX2
TX5
TX6
CENU
CENU/2
Analysis of the course of Link Budget
Diversified Loss
CDU loss
CDU Name(900M) Insert loss
CDUG 4.4dB
CEUG 3.5dB
CENG 5.3dB
CENG/2 5.3dB
ECDU 0.9-1.0dB
CDU Name(1800M) Insert loss
CDUD 4.6dB
CEUD 3.6dB
CEND 5.5dB
CEND/2 5.5dB
ECDU 0.9-1.0dB
Analysis of the course of Link Budget
Diversified Loss
CDU loss
The normal configuration corresponding relations of TRX , CDU and antenna
for one cell of a BTS V2 with all 80w TRX are as follow:

TRX
number
Antenna number
and configuration
CDU
number
RDU
number
CEU
number
Remark
1 2TX/RXRX 1 1
The CDU needs special disposal:
connect the TX1 with the
duplexer TX directly, TX2 is
unused.
2 2TX/RXTX/RX 2
The CDU needs special disposal:
connect the TX1 with the
duplexer TX directly, TX2 is
unused
3~4 2TX/RXTX/RX 2
5~6 2TX/RXTX/RX 2 2
Analysis of the course of Link Budget
Diversified Loss
CDU loss
The normal configuration corresponding relations of TRX , CDU and antenna
for one cell of a BTS V3 ZXG10 B8018 are as follow:

TRX
number
Antenna number
And configuration
CDU
number
ECDU
number
CEU
number
CENU
number
Remark
1
4 2TX/RX2RX 2
22TX/RX 2
CDU+TMAeasy to
expand capacity
2
2TX/RXTX/RX 2
Not jump CDU, easy to
expand capacity
2TX/RXTX/RX 2
Jump CDU, add TMA,
expand coverage.
3~4 2TX/RXTX/RX 2
5~6
2TX/RXTX/RX 2 1
Easy to expand capacity,
the power of TRX is
unbalanced.
2TX/RXTX/RX 2 1
Solve the unbalance of
the TRX power.
7~8 2TX/RXTX/RX 2 2
Analysis of the course of Link Budget
Diversified Loss
CDU loss
The normal configuration corresponding relations of TRX , CDU and antenna
for one cell of a BTS V3 ZXG10 B8112 are as follow:

TRX
number
Antenna number
and configuration
CDU
number
ECDU
number
CEU
number
CENU
number
Remark
1 22TX/RX 1
2
2TX/RXTX/RX 2
Not jump CDU, easy to
expand capacity
2TX/RXTX/RX 2
Jump CDU, add TMA,
expand coverage.
3~4 2TX/RXTX/RX 2
5~6
2TX/RXTX/RX 2 1
Easy to expand capacity,
the power of TRX
is unbalanced.
2TX/RXTX/RX 2 1
Solve the unbalance of
the TRX power.
7~8 2TX/RXTX/RX 2 2
9~12 2TX/RXTX/RX 2 2
Analysis of the course of Link Budget
Diversified Loss
BS Antenna Gain
Related to the antenna, the real situation should be
considered when choose the antenna pattern.

Region Ant GaindBi
Dense Urban 15.5
Suburban 15.5~17
Rural 17~18
Highway or Valley 18~21
Mountain or Hill

17~18

MS Antenna Gain
generally the gain is 0 dBi.
NoteSpecial attention should be paid to the MS ant
gain in the GSM WLL network.
The terminal ant may be indoor or outdoor ,such as
on the roof or out of the window, when the terminal
ant gain should be confirmed.
The Gain brought by TMA to the BS Sensitivity

Analysis of the course of Link Budget
Loss
Margin
Gain
Equipment
Link Budget
Fast Fading Deterioration Reservation
Fast fading deterioration reservation is the necessary additional quantity of the receiving signal level
for required call quality , which should be the same as that when only internal noise exists in the
receiver, under the condition that both multi-path propagation effect and man-made noise exist.
walking condition2.0--5.0dB
high speed moving condition0dB
In GSM system, in both CS traffic and PS traffic, the fast fading margin is 3dB.
Interface Margin
In GSM system, the internal interference of the system mainly contains the same frequency
interference, the adjacent frequency interference, mutual modulating interference and near port
to far port interference, etc, consider these impacts on the link budget synthesizingly, we can get
an interference margin in projects, generally it is 3dB.

Analysis of the course of Link Budget
Loss
Margin
Gain
Equipment
Link Budget
Slow Fading Margin
Generally, the shadow decline complies with log-normal distribution, according to the variance of the shadow
decline and the demand of the edge coverage probability, the required shadow margin can be obtained. The
variance is related to the electromagnetic environment. Generally ,in DU/U the fading variance is 8~10dB, in
SU/RU it is 6~8dB;
For example:
Urban: the variance is 8dB ,edge coverage probability is 90%,thus the shadow margin is 10.3dB;
Rural: the variance is 8dB ,edge coverage probability is 75%,thus the shadow margin is 5.4dB;
edge coverage
probability(%)
70 75 80 85 90 95 98
Fading Margin/dB 0.53 0.68 0.85 1.04 1.29 1.65 2.06
Analysis of the course of Link Budget
Loss
Margin
Gain
Equipment
Link Budget
Parameter Computing Symbol
MS TxPower A
Body Loss B
Penetration Loss C
BS Rx Sensitivity D
BS Ant Gain E
TMA Gain F
Diversity Gain G
Feeder Loss H
CDU Loss I
Fast Fading Margin J
Shadow Margin K
Noise Margin L
Max allowable PLoss
(indoor)
M=A-B-C-D+E+F+G-H-I-
J-K-L
Max allowable
PLoss (outdoor)
N=M+C
It is normal that the difference
between uplink and downlink is
3~5dB, if the difference is
larger than 10dB,which means
that it is unbalanced between
uplink and downlink, when
some effective measures should
be considered.
Analysis of the course of Link Budget
the result of link budget
balance between uplink and downlink
unbalance between uplink and downlink
Uplink limited
downlink limited
The Result of Link Budget
uplink
downlink
Coverage Radius
downlink limited
Link Unbalance: Downlink Limited
Downlink
Uplink
Coverage Radius
Uplink limited
Link Unbalance: Uplink Limited
Catalog
Summarization
Course
Analysis
Case
System Parameters
Analysis of the impact factors of Link Budget

Carrier wave frequency
The carrier wave frequency impacts on the propagation loss, different frequency ,different loss.

System bandwidth
In GSM, the noise bandwidth of the receiver is 200kHz, convert into 53dBHz.

Data speed
In GSM, the full speed of CS traffic is 9.6kbit/s, its half speed is 4.8kbit/s;the speed of GPRS PS traffic CS1~CS4 are
given in the below table:









Background noise
Background noise is also called white noise, it is produced by the heat movement of electrons. its formula is as follow:
NthkTB
Here, k is Boltzmann constant, k1.3810
-23
J/KT is absolute temperature, B is system bandwidth; the spectrum
density of the white noise is kT, suppose the room temperature is 300k, we can calculate the hot noise density is -
174dBm/Hz;
System Parameters
Analysis of the impact factors of Link Budget

Noise Coefficient
Noise coefficient belongs to the property of the receiver itself. In GSM system ,the noise coefficient of the BS
receiver is set as 8dB according to the protocols.
The definition of noise coefficient is diversified, usually it is used to:
a) Measure the over part of the receiving environment noise at the receiver port compared with the white noise .
b) Measure the reduced part of SNR, after the signal pass through the receiver.
(c) Consider the noise source of the antenna port (usually used in satellite antenna), measure the over part of the antenna
noise temperature compared with that of the receiver.
The sensitivity of the receiver
The sensitivity of the receiver is defined as the needed minimum receiving signal power at the receiver input
port ,which is used to ensure the signal can be checked and decoded successfully.
The sensitivity of the receiver in communication system =noise spectrum density (dBmHz)+bandwidth (dBHz)
+noise coefficient (dB) + C/I (dB)
The sensitivity of the receiver contains MS sensitivity and BS sensitivity, BS receives in uplink, so the BS sensitivity
should be considered.

Analysis of the impact factors of Link Budget
Choose the right apparatus
TMABoost up the intensity of uplink signal
BOOSTER Boost up the intensity of uplink and downlink signal simultaneously
Choose the right combination mode
Jump CDU
Choose the right CDU
Adopt the new technology of V3
DPCT
DDT
FDWR
Catalog
Summarization
Course
Analysis
Case
BTS type1BTSV2use CDU
Downlink Value Uplink Value
Transmit Transmit
TX Max Power [dbm] 46 TX Max Power [dbm] 30
Combiner Loss [db] -4.7 Body loss/X-coupling [db] -3
TX Feeder Loss [db] -3.7 Interference margin [db] -3
Antenna Slant Loss [db] 0 TX EIRP [dbm] 24
Diplexer Loss [db] 0
Duplexer Loss [db] 0 Receiver Aerial System
TX Antenna Gain [db] 18 RX antenna gain [db] 18
TMA Loss [db] 0 Antenna Slant Loss [db] 0
Total TX loss/gain [db] 9.6 RX Feeder Loss [db] -3.7
TX EIRP [dbm] 55.6 Duplexer Loss [db] 0
Receiver Aerial System Diplexer Loss [db] 0
Body loss/X-coupling [db] -3 Diversity Gain [db] 3
Interference margin [db] -3 RX system gain/loss [db] 17.3
RX system gain/loss [db] -6
Receiver Receiver
MS sensitivity [dbm] -102 BTS Sensitivity [dbm] -110
Required RX level [dbm] -102 Required RX level [dbm] -110
Link Balance Link Balance
Maximum Path Loss [db] 151.6 Maximum Path Loss [db] 151.3
A case of Link Budget