L04 Active Filter (Part I)

Ref:080222HKN EE3110 Active Filter (Part 1) 1
Lecture 4 Active Filter (Part I)

Introduction of passive and active filter
Categories of filter
Low pass, high pass, band-pass, band stop (notch)
Butterworth/chebyshev/Bessel response
Poles and multiple stages
Transfer Function
Bode Plot
Book references
Microelectronic Circuits Analysis and Design, By
Muhammad H. Rashid (PWS Publishing Company)

Microelectronic Circuit Design, By Richard C.
Jaeger and Travis N. Blalock (Mc Graw Hill)

Introduction to Filter Theory, By David E.
Johnson (Prentice Hall)
Passive Filters
made up of passive components - resistors, capacitors and
inductors
no amplifying elements (- transistors, op-amps, etc)
no signal gain
1
st
order - design is simple (just use standard equations to
find resonant frequency of the circuit)
2
nd
order - complex equations
require no power supplies
not restricted by the bandwidth limitations of the op-amps
can be used at very high frequencies
can handle larger current or voltage levels than active
devices
buffer amplifiers might be required
Passive elements : Inductor
BIG PROBLEM!
high accuracy (1% or 2%), small physical size, or large
inductance values are required ??
standard values of inductors are not very closely spaced
difficult to find an off-the-shelf inductor within 10 percent
of any arbitrary value
adjustable inductors are used
tuning such inductors to the required values is time-
consuming and expensive for larger quantities of filters
inductors are often prohibitively expensive
Active Filter
no inductors
made up of op-amps, resistors and capacitors
provides virtually any arbitrary gain
generally easier to design
high input impedance prevents excessive loading of the
driving source
low output impedance prevents the filter from being
affected by the load
at high frequencies is limited by the gain-bandwidth of the
op-amps
easy to adjust over a wide frequency range without altering
the desired response
Categories of Filters
-3dB
{
f
2
f
A
v(dB)
-3dB
{
f
1
f
A
v(dB)
Low-pass response
High-pass response
Low Pass Filters:
pass all frequencies from dc
up to the upper cutoff
frequency.
High Pass Filters:
pass all frequencies that are
above its lower cutoff
frequency
Categories of Filters
-3dB
{
f
2
f
A
v(dB)
f
1
-3dB
{
f
f
2
f
1
A
v(dB)
Band Pass Response Band Stop Response
Band Pass Filters:
pass only the frequencies
that fall between its values
of the lower and upper
cutoff frequencies.
Band Stop (Notch) Filters:
eliminate all signals within
the stop band while passing
all frequencies outside this
band.
Filter Response Characteristics
Av
Butterworth
Bessel
Chebyshev
f
Bessel Characteristic
Flat response in the
passband.
Role-off rate less than
20dB/decade/pole.
Phase response is linear.
Used for filtering pulse
waveforms without
distorting the shape of the
waveform.
Av
f
Butterworth Characteristic
Very flat amplitude, A
v(dB)
,
response in the passband.
Role-off rate is
20dB/decade/pole.
Phase response is not
linear.
Used when all frequencies
in the passband must have
the same gain.
Often referred to as a
maximally flat response.
Av
f
Chebyshev Characteristic
Overshoot or ripples in
the passband.
Role-off rate greater than
20dB/decade/pole.
Phase response is not
linear - worse than
Butterworth.
Used when a rapid roll-
off is required.
Av
f
Pole
A pole is nothing more than an RC circuit
n-pole filter contains n-RC circuit.
Single-Pole Low/High-Pass Filter
v
out
-
+
+V
-V
R
1
R
f1
R
f2
C
1
v
in
v
out
-
+
+V
-V
R
1
R
f1
R
f2
C
1
v
in
Low Pass Filter
High Pass Filter
Two-Pole (Sallen-Key) Filters
-
+
+V
-V
R
1
R
f1
R
f2
C
1
v
in
v
out
C
2
R
2
-
+
+V
-V
R
1
R
f1
R
f2
C
2
v
in
v
out
R
2
C
1
Low Pass Filter
High Pass Filter
Three-Pole Low-Pass Filter
-
+
+V
-V
R
1
R
f1
R
f2
C
1
v
in
C
2
R
2
-
+
+V
-V
R
3
R
f3
R
f4
C
3
v
out
Stage 1 Stage 2
Two-Stage Band-Pass Filter
R
2
R
1
v
in
C
1
C
2
R
f1
R
f2
C
4
C
3
R
3
R
4
+V
-V
v
out
R
f3
R
f4
+
-
+
-
+V
-V
Stage 1
Two-pole low-pass
Stage 2
Two-pole high-pass
BW
f
1
f
2
f
A
v
Stage 2
response
Stage 1
response
f
o
BW = f
2
f
1

Q = f
0
/ BW
Multiple-Feedback Band-Pass Filter
R
1
R
2
C
1
C
2
v
in
R
f
+V
-V
-
+
v
out
Band-Stop (Notch) Filter
The notch filter is designed to block all frequencies that fall within its bandwidth.
The circuit is made up of a high pass filter, a low-pass filter and a summing
amplifier. The summing amplifier will have an output that is equal to the sum of
the filter output voltages.
f
1
f
2
v
in
v
out
Low pass
filter
High pass
filter
Summing
amplifier
E
-3dB
{
f
f
2
f
1
A
v(dB)
low-pass high-pass
Block diagram
Frequency response
Notch filter
Transfer function H(je)
Transfer
Function
) ( e j H
V
o
V
i
) (
) (
) (
e
e
e
j V
j V
j H
i
o
=
) Im( ) Re( H j H H + =
2 2
) Im( ) Re( H H H + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= Z

) Re(
) Im(
tan
1
H
H
H
0 ) Re( H
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = Z

) Re(
) Im(
tan 180
1
H
H
H
o
0 ) Re( H
Frequency transfer function of filter H(je)
H L
H L
o
o
o
o
f f f f j H
f f f j H
f f j H
f f j H
f f j H
f f j H
> < =
< < =
> =
< =
> =
< =
and 0 ) (
1 ) (
Filter Pass - Band (III)
1 ) (
0 ) (
Filter Pass - High (II)
0 ) (
1 ) (
Filter Pass - Low (I)
e
e
e
e
e
e
response phase specific a has
all for 1 ) (
Filter shift) - phase (or Pass - All (V)
and 1 ) (
0 ) (
Filter (Notch) Stop - Band (IV)
f j H
f f f f j H
f f f j H
H L
H L
=
> < =
< < =
e
e
e
Passive single pole low pass filter
R
C
V
o
V
i
i
C
C
o
V
R X
X
V
+
=
i i o
V
CR j
V
R
C j
C j
V
e
e
e
+
=
+
=
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
) (
e
e
e
j
j H
+
=
RC
o
1
= e
where
or
0
0
) (
e
e
+
=
s
s H
e j s =
where
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

0
1
tan ) (
e
e
e |
CR j
j H
e
e
+
=
1
1
) (
i o
V
CR j
V
e +
=
1
1
e 0 ,V
o
, = ,V
i
, max. value
e ,V
o
, = 0 min. value
,V
o
, = ??
RC
1
= e
i o
V
j
V
+
=
1
1
i i o
V V V
2
1
1 1
1
2 2
=
+
=
frequency) off - (cut
1
RC
o c
= =e e
e
c
e
o
v
max
o
v
2
max
o
v
e
c
e
) ( e j H
2
1
1
Decibel (dB)
By Definition:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
2
10
log 10
P
P
dB
(1) Power Gain in dB :
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
in
o
p
P
P
dB A
10
log 10 ) (
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
in
in
P
P
dB
10
log 10 0
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
in
in
P
P
dB
2
1
log 10 3
10
|
|
.
|
\
|
= +
in
in
P
P
dB
2
log 10 3
10
P
in
P
out
(2) Voltage Gain in dB: (P=V
2
/R)
v
in
v
out
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
in
o
v
v
v
dB A
10
log 20 ) (
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
in
in
v
v
dB
10
log 20 0
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
in
in
v
v
dB
2
1
log 20 6
10
|
|
.
|
\
|
= +
in
in
v
v
dB
2
log 20 6
10
Cascaded System
A
v1
A
v2
A
v3
x10 x10 x10
v
in
v
out
20dB 20dB 20dB
3 2 1 v v v v
A A A A =
3
10 10 10 10 = =
v
A
( )
3 2 1 10
log 20 ) (
v v v v
A A A dB A =
( ) ( ) ( )
3 10 2 10 1 10
log 20 log 20 log 20 ) (
v v v v
A A A dB A + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) dB A dB A dB A dB A
v v v v 3 2 1
) ( + + =
dB dB dB dB A
v
20 20 20 ) ( + + =
dB dB A
v
60 ) ( =
( ) dB 20 10 log 20
10
=
( ) dB 60 10 log 20
3
10
=
Bode Plot (single pole)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
=
o
j
CR j
j H
e
e
e
e
1
1
1
1
) (
2
1
1
) (
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
o
j H
e
e
e
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = =
2
10 10
1 1 log 20 ) ( log 20 ) (
o
dB
j H j H
e
e
e e

|
|
.
|
\
|
~
o
dB
j H
e
e
e
10
log 20 ) (
For e>>e
o
R
C
V
o
V
i
Single pole low-pass filter
dB
j H ) ( e
(log) e
x
e
x
e 2
x
e 10
6
d
B
2
0
d
Bslope
-6dB/octave
-20dB/decade
|
|
.
|
\
|
~
o
j H
e
e
e
10
log 20 ) (
For octave apart,
1
2
=
o
e
e
dB j H 6 ) ( ~ e
For decade apart,
1
10
=
o
e
e
dB j H 20 ) ( ~ e
Bode plot (Two-pole)
R
1
R
2
C
1
C
2
v
i
v
o
2 1 o o
e e =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
2
2
1
10
1 1 1 log 20 ) (
o o
j H
e
e
e
e
e

L04 Active Filter (Part I)

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Ref:080222HKN EE3110 Active Filter (Part 1) 1

Lecture 4 Active Filter (Part I)

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