Genetics and Heredity

Background Information
Genetics is the study of genes.
Inheritance is how traits, or characteristics, are
passed on from generation to generation.
Chromosomes are made up of genes, which are
made up of DNA.
Genetic material (genes, chromosomes, DNA)
is found inside the nucleus of a cell.
Gregor Mendel is considered The Father of
Genetics"

Genetics and Heredity
CHROMOSOMES
Materials (DNA or RNA) packed with
proteins
Genetics and Heredity
GENE
Segment of DNA that contains the
information to make one protein consists
of 2 factors or copies, each factor is called
an allele.
Genetics and Heredity
ALLELES -
Different version of a genre resulting in
contracting effect on a characteristic, e.g.
tallness and shortness.
Genetics and Heredity
ALELES -
The gene for a particular inherited character
resides at a specific locus (position) on
homologous chromosome.
For each character, an organism inherits two
alleles, one from each parent


Genetics and Heredity
GREGOR MENDEL
Austrian Monk.
Experimented with pea
plants.
Used pea plants because:
They were available
They reproduced quickly
They showed obvious
differences in the traits
Understood that there was
something that carried traits
from one generation to the
next- FACTOR.

Genetics and Heredity
GREGOR MENDEL
a. First Hypothesis
Inherited characteristics are
controlled by factors that occur
in pairs.

b. Second Hypothesis (Principle of
Dominance and Recessiveness)
One allele dominant trait in a
pair may mask the other
(recessive trait) preventing the
other from having an effect.



Genetics and Heredity
GREGOR MENDEL
a. Third Hypothesis (Law of
Segregation)
Allele for a character are
segregated into different
gametes.

b. Fourth Hypothesis (Law of
Independent Assortment)
Each allele pair segregates
independently of other allele
pairs.



Example:
In pea plants,
these are 2 alleles for the
HEIGHT GENE.
There is an allele
for Tallness ( represented
by T) and an allele for
shortness (represented by
t). The allele for tallness
is dominant over the
allele for shortness. The
shortness allele is called
recessive.

Genetics and Heredity
Height in the pea plant is
determined independently of flower color,
seed color, seed texture, etc.
Genetics and Heredity
Trait Observed Characters

Seed Shape
Seed Color
Seed coat color
Pod shape
Pod color
Flower position
Stem length

Round or wrinkled seed
Yellow or green seed
Colored or white coat
Inflated or constricted pod
Green or yellow pod
Axial or terminal flower
Long or short stem


SEVEN TRAITS STUDIED MENDEL
Genetics and Heredity
GENOTYPE -
Allele processed by an individual for a
particular gene.

PHENOTYPE -
Observable characteristics of an individual with
respect to the gene.




Genetics and Heredity
HOMOZYGOUS -
An individual with identical alleles for a gene;
also called PURE BREED.

HETEROZYGOUS -
An individual with 2 different alleles for a gene.


Genetics and Heredity
PUNNET SQUARE METHOD -
Used to determine the various combination of
genes.



Genetics and Heredity
Genetics and Heredity
TT
(Homogenous
tall)
Tt
(Heterozygous
tall)
Tt
(Heterogenous
tall)
tt
(Homozygous
short)
T
t
T
t
LEGEND
T Tallness
t Shortness
Genetics and Heredity
Genotype:
TT
(Homogenous
tall)
T
t
T
t
T + T = TT
(Homogenous tall)


Genetics and Heredity
Genotype:
TT
(Homogenous
tall)
Tt
(Heterozygous
tall)
T
t
T
t
T + t = Tt
(Heterozygous tall)

Genetics and Heredity
TT
(Homogenous
tall)
Tt
(Heterozygous
tall)
Tt
(Heterogenous
tall)
T
t
T
t
T + t = Tt
(Heterogenous tall)

Genetics and Heredity
TT
(Homogenous
tall)
Tt
(Heterozygous
tall)
Tt
(Heterogenous
tall)
tt
(Homozygous
short)
T
t
T
t
t + t = tt
(Homozygous short)

Genetics and Heredity
EXTENSION OF MENDELION GENETICS
Incomplete Dominance
The phenotype of the heterozygote is a 3
rd
trait that
is district and different from the phenotype of the
homozygotes for the two alleles.

Example:
Offspring with pink noses from a cross
between plants with red and white roses
Genetics and Heredity
In the monohybrid cross (mating of two
organisms that differ in only one character),
one version disappeared.
Genetics and Heredity
The F1 crossed
produced the F2
generation and the
lost trait appeared
with predictable
ratios.
This led to the
formulation of the
current model of
inheritance.
Genetics and Heredity
EXTENSION OF MENDELION GENETICS
Co dominance
Neither of the allele is masked both is expressed in
organism; the phenotype of the heterozygote is a
combination of the two homozygous phenotypes.

Example:
A cross between a row with red hairs and a
row with white hairs produces offspring with
both red and white hairs (spotted).
Genetics and Heredity
EXTENSION OF MENDELION GENETICS
Multiple Alleles
More than 2 alleles control the trait, thus more than
3 or more phenotypes are possible.

Example:
Human blood types are governed by 3 alleles
A, B and O where A and B are co dominant
(equally dominant) and O is recessive to both
A and B.
As a result there are 4 possible blood types:
Type A, Type B, Type O and Type AB
Genetics and Heredity
MONOHYBRID SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Straight hair is dominant and curly hair is recessive.
Diagram a Punnett Square for 2 heterozygous parents.
What is the parents genotype(s)?
What is the parents phenotypes(s)?
What is the genotypic ratio for the offspring?
What is the probability of producing a curly-haired child?
(In percent)
Genetics and Heredity
Straight hair is dominant and curly hair is
recessive.

S s
S
SS Ss
s
Ss ss
Genetics and Heredity
MONOHYBRID SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Straight hair is dominant and curly hair is recessive.
What is the parents genotype(s)?
Ss

What is the parents phenotypes(s)?
Straight Hair


Genetics and Heredity
MONOHYBRID SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Straight hair is dominant and curly hair is recessive.

What is the genotypic ratio for the offspring?
1:2:1

What is the probability of producing a curly-haired
child? (In percent)
25%