PREPARED BY : AFIFAH CHE AZIZ

AKRAM HAKIMI ROSIDI

ANIS NURDINIE AZIZAN
FATIN AFIQAH PUAADI


METAPHYSICS

metaphysics is derived from the Greek : Ta Meta ta
Physkia which means the books after the books on
nature.
When a librarian was cataloging Aristotles works, he
did not have a title for the material he wanted to shelve
after the material called nature (Physkia) so he
called it after nature.

reality, believe in God.
concerned with the nature of being
RELEVANCE TO EDUCATION : the school curriculum
is based on what we know of reality

Ontology
deals with the study of the nature of reality: what is it,
how many realities are there, what are its properties,
etc.
The word is derived from the Greek terms on, which
means reality and logos, which means study of.
Theology
the study of gods does a god exist, what a god is, what a
god wants, etc.
Every religion has its own theology because its study of
gods, if it includes any gods, will proceed from specific
doctrines and traditions which vary from one religion to
the next.
atheists don't accept the existence of any gods, they don't
accept that theology is the study of anything real.
At most, it might be the study of what people think is real
and atheist involvement in theology proceeds more from
the perspective of a critical outsider rather than an involved
member.

universal science
involves the search for first principles things like
the origin of the universe, fundamental laws of logic
and reasoning, etc.
For theists, the answer to this is almost always "god"
and, moreover, they tend to argue that there can be no
other possible answer. Some even go far as to argue
that the existence of things like logic and the universe
constitute evidence of the existence of their god.

EPISTEMOLOGY
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies
knowledge

epistemology is the study of the nature,
scope, and limits of human knowledge.

Epistemology investigates the origin,
structure, methods, and integrity of
knowledge.

knowledge is merely an awareness
of absolute,
universal Ideas or Forms, existing
independent of any subject trying
to apprehend to them
Plato's
view
emphasis on logical and empirical
methods for gathering knowledge
accepts the view that such
knowledge is an apprehension of
necessary and universal
principles.
Aristotles
view
Two main epistemological positions dominated
philosophy:

empiricism, which sees knowledge as the product
of sensory perception, and

rationalism which sees it as the product of
rational reflection.

Pragmatic
This philosophy still dominates most present work in
cognitive science and artificial intelligence
According to pragmatic epistemology, knowledge consists
of models that attempt to represent the environment in
such a way as to maximally simplify problem-solving
The model which is to be chosen depends on the problems
that are to be solved.

AXIOLOGY

derived from two Greek roots 'axios' (worth or value)
and 'logos' (logic or theory), means the theory of
value.
science of value originated with early Greek
philosophers and culminated in the work of Dr. Robert
S. Hartman.
Facing the inhumanity accompanying Hitler's rise to
power in pre-war Germany, Hartman envisioned a
science which could organize "good" as effectively as
the Nazis organized "evil.
Dr. Hartman dedicated his life to the realization of
this vision, and after years of research, created a new
mathematical system which successfully orders the
values of our everyday experiences
concerned with values, relates to moral values &
character development.
RELEVANCE TO EDUCATION : go beyond concerns
about the quantity of what is taught to consider the
quality of life that becomes possible because of what a
person knows

LOGIC
Logic is a study of necessary truths and of systematic
methods for expressing and demonstrating such
truths.

Deductive- general to specific
Inductive-specific to general

Basis of Aristotles Logic
Aristotles whole system of logic starts from two
premises:
Logic is the direction of the act of reason
The direction of reason is from what is more universal
in predication to what is less so.

Aristotle says the major premise everywhere, and at
the slightest provocation; the minor is from St.
Thomas, and Aristotle simply assumes it everywhere.

Conclusion : logic is the right order from what is more
universal to what is less so.
This is why Aristotle starts his logic with a study of
most universal things (the Categories) then shows all
the ways that one universal thing can relate to another
(On Interpretation)
Then he goes on to speak of arguments as the motion
from what is major (or most universal) to what
is minor (least universal) through a term of middle
universality.

The middle only has a middle universality when we
speak in a way that follows what is called the first
figure syllogism
Aristotle rightly insists that this is the pre-eminent
tool for ordering reason, and that all other tools of
reasoning are correct so far as they can be reduced to
it.

REFERENCES
http://atheism.about.com/od/philosophybranches/p/
Metaphysics.html
http://www.valueinsights.com/axiology3.html
pespmc1.vub.ac.be/epistemi.html
http://thomism.wordpress.com/2010/02/23/the-basis-
of-aristotles-logic