Martin Luther Schism 1517 Reformation

Broke the Catholic Church

Council of Trent 1545 / 1563.














The Baroque can be seen as a distinct style, or as the final phase of the Renaissance

Counter Reformation
Absolutism
Science and Philosophy
Stylistic Dynamics
THE REFORMATION


Movement in Europe that began with Martin Luthers activities in 1517
Initially an attempt to reform the Catholic Church.

Many Catholics were troubled by corruption in the Church: particularly the selling of
indulgences.

What is an indulgence ??
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
ABSOLUTISM
is a monarchical form of government in which the
monarch has absolute power among his or her people.
An absolute monarch wields unrestricted political
power over the state and its people.

Absolute monarchies are often hereditary but other
means of transmission of power are attested.

Absolute monarchy differs from limited monarchy, in
which the monarchs authority is legally bound or
restricted by a constitution (laws).
We can associate that with:

French Monarchy

Popes
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS



Protestants VS Catholics

Action - Reaction

The reaction from the Catholic Church Counter Reformation 1570

Council of Trent. Document setting the canons that the Counter Reformation should
follow


CATHOLIC / ATTACKED AND WEAK /WHAT TO DO ??

The magnificence and the theatricality were used as liturgical purposes






The Catholic Church wanted to craate a great religious devotion in every art.

Music / Painting / Sculpture / Architecture

Wanted to inspire an art that could show Gods glory and help catholic
believers in finding redemption and salvation



Final Judgement, Rubens
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, Bernini
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS


Popes Sponsorship

Emotional and persuasive fundaments established by the Council of Trent.

Less reality / More artistic concept

Art as an educational tool for the society

Support from the Catholic Church

Subordinated art / Church interests


BAROQUE
XVI century
Inocencio X, Velzquez
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
The word Baroque is derived from the
Portuguese word Barroco
Spanish word Barroco
French word Baroque

Irregular, rough, imperfect pearl

The word Baroque was invented by critics rather than practitioners of the art.

As with the term Gothic

Eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, which sharply
constrasted the clear and sober rationality of the Renaissance.

The word was first used by Heinrich Wolffin in his Renaissance und Barock
(1888). He identified the Baroque as movement imported into mass, in
opposition to Renaissance art.

In common usage by the 1920s.


Classical
Precedents
Static
Rational
Circle
Renaissance
Classical
Precedents but
from different
periods
Dynamic
Emotional
Ellipse
Baroque
Renaissance
Fra Angelico
The Annunciation
Baroque
Altomonte
The Assumption of Mary
Colors
Details
Emotions
Figures
Dynamic
BERNINI

Michelangelo of the Baroque
ARCHITECTURE
Previously- Humanism / Renaissance

Regular and simple shapes

Easy comprehension

Search of balance and symmetry


Interruption / brake / classical balance - Baroque

Shape becomes more important than fuction

Same Renaissance shapes but with a touch of fantasy and movement
(motion)

Monumentality, dynamism, buildings become more complicated

Emphasize the sculpture values or characteristics of the buildings





Palacio Farnese, Antonio de Sangallo

Stone, brick Ashlar

Interior Color marble
Bronze
Ornamentation: COMPLEXITY
MATERIALS



CURVE FACADES - architraves

Movement
Chiaroscuro
Sculptures


Cocave and convex facades
Depending the perspective and the context

Flexible walls Organic conception
FACADES


The Wall is the main support dynamic character

The Wall waves and models allowing flexible plans


The openings may have diverse shapes and mainly = complexity

The archs are also varied, but the most popular is the round arch


ELEMENTS
Columns independent or attached
More used as a decoration

Begins the use of caryatids and atlantes

Appears two new columns: solomonic and estipites








They used all the orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan,
Composite) in their columns but with different proportion than
the classic ones.

The column could be short or gigantic according to the building
ensemble




The Solomonic column (salomnica), also called Barley-
sugar column, is a helical column, characterized by a
spiraling twisting shaft like a corkscrew

The estipite column has the shape of an inverted cone
or obelisk.
Atlantes
Caryatids
ROOFS

Variety : barrel vault, groin vault, lunette vault, hemispherichal on pendentives

Test of new vaults like the oval dome

Increasing of domes on the building exterior

Interior- The vaults were shown as hemispherical domes with lots of paintings
and sculptures

ORNAMENTATION

All the designs were based on curve lines

Showing the dynamism that they were looking for. Examples: curve architraves, oval
vanes and ornaments based in nature

Liberty for designers The originality and the invention were important and
appreciated. The power of creation.

The most important was the effect of the whole context or work. Global artistic work.
All the baroque buildings were formed by sculptures, paintings and decorative
elements.

The interior of the buildings became more colorful and rich. The result was a theatrical
effect in the architecture.

TYPOLOGY
PLANS

Rectangular
ELIPTICAL
CIRCULAR
MIXED
PROTOTYPE PLAN
Il Ges , Roma
Vignola y Giacomo della Porta
Were used in these kind of buildings: RELIGIOUS, PALACES,
fountains, gardens, squares. But the most important were the
churches and palaces.

ROME

ITALY
Power of the Church
(Popes)
Palaces
Urban spaces
Fountains
Churches
Rome was the center of the artistic activity - Especially activities related with the Counter
Reformation The result was an architecture completely BAROQUE
Religious Order Wanted to define an iconography for the Counter Reformation
Jesuits
Church with a dome in the transept
Open space
View at the altar from the believers.
Just one nave with pilasters

Based on the Council of Trent
Il Ges
1568, Giacomo della Porta
& Vignola
Interior
Il Ges
Longitudinal plan covered by a barrel vault

Chapels and transept not very pronounced. This allowed that a
great number of believers could stay near the altar.

The dome was an important element

Just one nave. This was more suitable for preaching.
The mother church
of the Jesuit order
Della Porta Vignola
Il Ges
After the death of Vignola in 1573, Della Porta continued the construction, and in
1584 modified its faade after his own designs.
Double pediment (one in front of the other) shows the axial plane
(axis).
The exterior rhythm shows the interior one.
What you see in the facade is what you find in the plan




Il Ges
Barrel vaults with stucco moldings
RICH ORNAMENTATION
Il Ges








Santa Maria Novella, Florence
Il Gesu, S.J.
Alberti
Vignola y Giacomo della Porta
Renaissance Baroque
URBAN SPACE
To identify important churches and
basilicas
The Pope Sixto X, established that the Urban Space should be at the service of the
Church. As in architecture, urbanism helped to show the power of the Catholic Church.

Arranging the union of seven early Christian basilicas of Rome by boulevards decorated
with obelisks and fountains. Connecting the key buildings.

Effort of the papacy to make Rome again a grand city.




Saint Peters Square was the most important symbol of the baroque urbanism in
Rome.

Bernini created an urban space that exceeded the expectations.
The project (1657) was based in a double square after which Saint Peters
Faade was rising, like a theatrical scene.

This Berninis double square is composed by two elements:
1. The piazza oblicua. The transversal oval with the columns like open arms.
2. The piazza retta. Stairway offering an appropriate base for the Madernos
faade.
1
2
Another great example of urbanism is the Piazza Navona or Navonas Square.

Here is located the beautiful palace from the Pamphili family. One of its members, the
pope Inocencio X, transformed the ancient stadium (Roman Empire) in a gorgeous
square which was decorated with three Baroques master pieces.

Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi (Bernini)
SantAgnese in Agone church, Pamphilis old chapel (Borromini)
Palazzo Pamphili.


Bernini


Scupltor, Architect and Painter.

Respected the classic orders

First work. Requested by the Pope Urbano VIII was the
refurbishment of Saint Bibianas Church

When Carlo Maderno died in 1629, Bernini became the
architect in St. Peters Church.






















Broken pediment. Very
important feature from the
Baroque
San Andrea al Quirinale
Bernini















Oval plan

Small entrance portico (minor scale for
the pedestrian)

Facade shows just one piece, like one
story. It has a big pediment.

Big and small columns. Different
proportion

The building has an ubanistic
arrangement (comunication with the
street)











San Andrea al Quirinale
Bernini

Oval plan
Berninis Colonnade
Saint Peters, Rome















Courtyard in the front
Gathering of the pilgrims.
Engaging them
1657

Tuscan order
Dynamism
Exuberant huge columns
Saint Peters Square, Rome















BERNINI

Tabernacle or baldachin
St. Peters

Solomonic columns
Twisting columns
Dynamic energy
The baldachin is at the centre of the crossing and directly under the dome of
the basilica.

Over the main altar

The baldachin acts as a visual focus within the basilica; it itself is a very large
structure and forms a visual mediation between the enormous scale of the
building and the human scale of the people officiating at the religious
ceremonies at the papal altar beneath its canopy.


Borromini

Builder and Sculptor

More complex buildings than Bernini

Handling of classical shapes

Conflict with Bernini since the construction of St. Peters

1st work: San Carlo alle Quatro Fontane, church


When the Pope Inocencio X died, Alejandro VI gave all the buildings to
Bernini, leaving Borromini without work.

Tragical life
Didnt get the big commissions
Better architect than Bernini but he was more popular
Suicide
















Borromini















San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane
1638

Dynamic facade (concave and convex lines
over the architrave)

Columns without order and proportion.
They give verticality and movement to the
facade.

Wavy and broken cornice





Borromini















San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane
San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane

Santivo alla Sapienza
Borromini


















1642
Church at Romes University

A courtyard leads to the entrance of
Sant'Ivo.

Borromini gracefully continued the
lines of the Palazzo's two stories of
arched colonnades.

One of Borromini's hallmarks is his
use of convex and concave exterior
and interior surfaces that play
against each other.

Concave / Convex / Concave / Convex

caracol



Santivo alla Sapienza
Borromini

For the small space, the architect
superimposed two triangles on top of one
another to form an enormous Star of
David and create a hexagonal floor plan
in the center of the church
Rich geometry of the Dome
Seems to be arbitrary figures and curves but is actually a geometric analysis


Piazza Navona
Borromini



















Piazza Navona
Santa Agnese (Santa Ins)
Borromini



















Piazza Navona
Four rivers fountain
Bernini


















Giant statues symbolize what were considered
the world's four greatest rivers: the Nile, the
Ganges, the Danube and the Rio de la Plata.
Each statue also represents one of the four
continents that were known at the time.
Santa Maria della Victoria, Rome, Cornaro Chapel
Cornaro Chapel
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
Borromini

Unidad de arquitectura, escultura,
pintura y teatralidad.
BERNINI
BORROMINI
Continuity of Classicism

Creativity but restricted
Perfect handcrafting

Visionary creativity

vs
Fontana di Trevi, Roma
Nicola Salvi
Biggest baroque fountain in Rome
Santa Susana, Roma
Carlo Maderno








Sober facade compared to Borromini

Some scultpure elements

Just one nave

Following the typology of IL GESU

Fachada de la Baslica de San Pedro, Roma
Carlo Maderno
Facade of Saint Peters















ACTIVITY




1. Answer the questions in the crossword.

2. Make a comparative analysis between the following countries
attending to the Baroque architecture developed in each one of
them:
Spain
France
England

Make a list of:

Historical antecedents
Architectural Characteristics
Architects and their masterpieces

Finish the task with a conclusion.