Engineering

Drawing II
Features of a Good Graphical
Presentation
How can you make your
presentation perfect?
Each presentation should have a cover
page.
The presentations should have unique
titles.
The figures should be properly labeled
and appropriate titles should be
provided.
Dimensions should be clearly given
with proper units.
How can you make your
presentation perfect?
(Contd.)
If scaling is done, the RF or scale factor
or scale should be provided.
In a location map or plan, directions
should be indicated.
Hatchings, different types of lines
(hidden lines, broken lines etc.) should
be appropriately used.
If any symbol is used, the meaning of
the symbol should be mentioned.
How can you make your
presentation perfect?
(Contd.)
There should be no double lines or
extended lines.
The required object must be given the
topmost priority.
The presentation must be checked
repeatedly before submission to ensure
that all the criteria are fulfilled.
The most important is to keep the
presentation neat & simple.
Engineering
Drawing II
Scale Development
 Representative Fraction
Representative fraction (RF) is the ratio of the length in
scale to the actual length.

Mathematically,
RF = Length in scale ÷ Actual Length
 Why RFs are used?
To present a figure of a relatively larger object in a
small sheet of paper.

To present a figure of a relatively

smaller object in a relatively larger
sheet of paper.
Examples of Uses of RFs

In drawing maps
In drawing road locations
In drawing house plans
In presenting enlarged figures of
microscopic objects; i.e. bacterial cells,
amoebas etc.
Significance of RF values
RF greater than 1

Used in presenting enlarged

figures of relatively small objects.

RF less than 1

Used in presenting reduced

figures of relatively larger
objects.
Different Types of Scales
Plain Scale
Used where the required scale divisions are relatively
big.
Not preferred where accuracy is of prime importance.
Easier to use for its simplicity.

Diagonal Scale
Used where the required scale divisions are relatively
small.
Provides much accuracy.
Complex to construct and use.
 Construction of Plain
Scales
Example 1
The distance between Dhaka and
Feni is 175 km. A passenger train
covers the distance in 5 hours and 50
minutes. Construct a plain scale to
measure time up to a single minute
and corresponding distance. RF is
1/200000. Also indicate the distance
covered by the train in 28 minutes.
Construction of Plain Scales
(Contd.)
Step 1: Check the RF to select unit

Here, RF = 1/200000
i.e. 1 cm = 200000 cm
or, 1 m = 200000 m
or, 1 ft = 200000 ft etc.

Our objective is to develop a 6” or 15 cm scale for a fair

presentation. Here the distance is given in km. So we
can take 1 km = 200000 km. But we can not draw a
scale with such a big unit in a small sheet of paper. If
we look for a smaller unit, we can take 1 cm = 200000
cm (2 km) easily and a 15 cm scale can show a 30 km
distance. Moreover, km and cm can be related easily.
Construction of Plain Scales
(contd.)
Step 2: Solve the problem

In these sort of problem, relationship between

distance and time needs to be presented in a
scale. Therefore, calculation of velocity is
required.
Velocity = Distance ÷ Time
= 175 km ÷ 350 minutes
= ½ km/minute
So, the train travels 1 km in 2 minute.
Construction of Plain Scales
(contd.)
Step 3: Decide on Scale Type & Divisions

Now, you may take …..

2 major divisions of 7.5 cm (15 km in 30 minutes)
or, 3 major divisions of 5 cm (10km in 20 minutes)
or, 5 major divisions of 3 cm (6km in 12 minutes)
or, 6 major divisions of 2.5 cm (5km in 10 minutes)

As you need to show the distance covered by the train up to a

single minute, it is better to select the number of major divisions to
limit the fractioning of a division to minimum for simplicity &
neatness. The last choice is ideal and can be easily drawn.
 Construction of Plain
Scales (contd.)
Step 4: Draw the Scale
Construction of Diagonal
Scales
Example 1
Construct a scale of RF=1/2000 to read 300 meters to 1 meter.
Also show 135 meters in the scale.

Step 1: Check the RF to select unit

As you need to measure the distance in meter unit, you can

take 1 cm = 2000 cm (i.e. 1 cm = 20 m)

In that case 300 meters will be 15 cm in our scale. We know

that,
RF = Length in scale ÷ Actual Length
or, Length in scale = RF X Actual Length.
So, the scale length for your actual 300 m will be,
= (1/2000) X (300X100)
= 15 cm
 Construction of Diagonal
Scales (contd.)
Step 2: Solve the problem

In these problem, there is nothing extra to calculate. You have

completed the necessary calculations in the previous step.

Step 3: Decide on Scale Type & Divisions

This is an important part. You may take ….

2 major divisions of 7.5 cm (150m)
or, 3 major divisions of 5 cm (100m)
or, 5 major divisions of 3 cm (60m)
or, 6 major divisions of 2.5 cm (50m)

If you choose the last option to construct a scale with smaller divisions
and try to show 1 m, then you need to divide a 2.5 cm major division into
50 minor divisions !!!
ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE ! ! !
In such cases, you need to construct a diagonal scale.
 Construction of Diagonal
Scales (contd.)
Step 4: Calculate to Draw Diagonal Scale

If you draw a scale with 3 major division, then your one major
division represents 100 m and the minor division have to show
1 m. Now 100 ÷ 1 = 100. You need to draw a diagonal grid
and the (no. of rows X no. of columns) has to be 100. You may
take …
10 rows & 10 columns
or, 4 rows & 25 columns
or, 25 rows & 4 columns
or, 2 rows & 50 columns
or, 50 rows & 2 columns
or, 100 rows & 1 column
or, 1 row & 100 columns (It will be a plain scale !!!)
You should choose the first option, because it is not easy to
divide your 5 cm major division into 25 or 50 or 100 minor
divisions !!!
Construction of Diagonal
Scales (contd.)
Step 5: Draw the Scale
 Construction of Diagonal
Scales (contd.)
Example 1
A car runs at 40 miles/hour. Construct
a diagonal scale with RF=1/1584000 to
read directly the position of the
showing time interval of 3 minutes.
Also show the distance traveled by the
car in 1 hour & 42 minutes in the
scale.
Construction of Diagonal
Scales (contd.)
Step 1: Check the RF to select unit

Here, RF = 1/1584000
i.e. 1 cm = 1584000 cm
or, 1 m = 1584000 m
or, 1 ft = 1584000 ft
or, 1 inch = 1584000 inch etc.

Our objective is to develop a 6” or 15 cm scale for a

fair presentation. Here the velocity is given in mph.
So we may take 1 ft = 1584000 ft. But we can not
draw a scale with such a big unit in a small sheet of
paper. If we look for a smaller unit, can take 1 inch
= 1584000 inch easily.
Construction of Diagonal
Scales (contd.)
Step 2: Solve the problem

Now let us check the length of scale that represents 40

miles (the distance traveled by the car in an hour)
according to RF.
40 miles = 40 X (1760 X 3 X12) inch
= 2534400 “
According to RF,
Actual 40 miles is (2534400 ÷ 1584000) or 1.6”.
So in the scale, 1.6” is the distance traveled by the car
in 1 hour (i.e. actually 40 miles).
If you draw a 6.4” (1.6”X4) scale, it will show the
distance covered by the car in 4 hours. The scale will be
around 6” also and it will be fair enough !!!
 Construction of Diagonal
Scales (contd.)
Step 4: Calculate to Draw Diagonal Scale

Now your scale’s each major division represents the distance

covered by the car in 1 hour and you need to divide it into it’s
minor divisions to show the distance traveled by the car per 3
minutes. So,…
60 ÷ 3 =20
You need to draw a diagonal grid and the (no. of rows X no. of
columns) has to be 20. You may take …
4 rows & 5 columns
or, 5 rows & 4 columns
or, 2 rows & 10 columns
or, 10 rows & 2 columns
or, 20 rows & 1 column
or, 1 row & 20 columns (It will be a plain scale !!!)
You should choose the second option, because it is relatively easy
to divide your 1.6” major division into 4 minor divisions of 0.4”.
Construction of Diagonal
Scales (contd.)
Step 5: Draw the Scale