1

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

TECHNOLOGY
(BEX17003)


2
Chapter 3(b):
Direct Current Circuit
Analysis (II)


3
Lecture Contents
Nodal Analysis
Mesh/Loop Analysis
Methods of Analysis
4
Nodal and
Mesh/Loop
Analysis
5
Nodal Analysis
Nodal analysis based on the systematic
application of KCL. [important technique pay
attention]
We can analyze any linear circuit by:
obtaining a set of simultaneous equations
solved to obtain the required values (voltage
or current)
we can solve the simultaneous equation
either using Cramers Rule or any other
software such as MATLAB or MathCAD.
6
Cont
Nodal analysis provides a general procedure
for analyzing circuit using node voltages as a
circuit variables.
Important key idea resistance is a passive
element, by the passive sign convention,
current must always flow from a higher potential
to a lower potential
R
v v
lower higher
i

=
..( Eq. 3.21)
7
Example 3.12

I
1
I
2
R
2
R
1
R
3
v
1
v
2
Consider the figure below using nodal analysis.
8
Solution 3.12
1. Label the nodes (including the reference node)
I
1
R
2
R
1
R
3 v
1
v
2
v = 0
I
2
+
+
- -
1
2
i
1
i
2
i
3
9
Cont
R
vlower vhigher
i

=
I
1
R
2
R
1
R
3
v
1
v
2
v = 0
I
2
1
2
i
1
i
2
i
3
1
1
1
0
R
v
i

=
2
2 1
2
R
v v
i

=
3
2
3
0
R
v
i

=
# Current flows from a higher potential
to a lower potential in a resistor
10
2. Write the KCL equation
for node 1 and 2.

KCL at node 1.
I
1
= I
2
+ i
1
+i
2



KCL at node 2.
I
2
+i
2
= i
3
2
2 1
1
1
2 1
R
v v
R
v
I I

+ + =
3
2
2
2 1
2
R
v
R
v v
I =

+
R
2
R
1
R
3
v
1
v
2
v = 0
I
2
+
+
- -
1
i
1
i
2
i
3
2
I
1
I
2
11
Example 3.13
Find the node voltages for the following circuit.
10A
5 A
R
1
=2
R
3
=6
v1
v2
1
2
R
2
=4
v=0V
v3
12
Solution 3.13
20 v 3v
v v 2v 20 : (x4)
4
v v
2
0 v
5
i i 5
2 1
2 1 1
2 1 1
2 1
=
+ =

=
+ =
KCL at node 1.
KCL at node 2.
v
1
60 5v 3v
2v 60 120 3v 3v : (x12)
6
0 v
5 10
4
v v
i 5 10 i
2 1
2 2 1
2 2 1
3 2
= +
+ = +

+ = +

+ = +
V1
5 A
10
A
R
1
=2
R
3
=6
v
2
V2
R
2
=4
5A
i
2
i
1
10A
i
3
5A
v=0V
v
3
(1)
(2)
13
Using the elimination technique




Substituting


20V v 80 4v
: (2) (1)
2 2
= =
+
20 v
2
=
13.33V
3
40
v 20 20 3v
1 1
= = =
14
To use Cramers rule, we put the equation in matrix form
V v
V v
b a
b a
a b
a b
a a
a a
v
v
v v
v v
20
12
240
33 . 13
12
160
240 60 180 ) 20 )( 3 ( 60 3
60 3
20 3
160 60 100 ) 1 )( 60 ( 5 20
5 60
1 20
12 3 15 ) 1 )( 3 ( 5 3
5 3
1 3
60
20
5 3
1 3
60 5 3
20 3
2
2
1
1
2 21
1 11
2
22 2
2 1 1
1
2 2 21
12 11
2
1
2 1
2 1
= =
A
A
=
= =
A
A
=
= + = =

= = A
= + = =

= = A
= = =

= = A
(

=
(

= +
=
15
Consider the following circuit with current and voltage source.
Look for V
b
.
[2] ....... ..........
R
0 - Vb
I
R
Vb Va
I I I
b, Node
[1] ...... .......... V Va
a, Node
3
B
2
3 B 2
B
= +

= +
=
I entering the node = I leaving the node
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
B
V
B
I
B
2
R
1
R
3
R
a b
c
Va Vb
Vc=0
Example 3.14
16
3 2
2
B
B
b
2
B
B
3 2
b
2
B
B
3
b
2
b
B
3
b
2
b
2
B
B
3
b
2
b
2
B
3
b
B
2
b B
R
1
R
1
R
V
I
V
R
V
I
R
1
R
1
V
R
V
I
R
V
R
V
I
R
V
R
V
R
V
-
I
R
V
R
V
R
V
R
V
I
R
V V
[2] into [1] substitute
+
+
=
+ =
(

+
+ = +
= + +
=
= +

17
Example 3.15
Determine the voltages for the nodes in the
following figure.
O
4
O
2
O
8
O
4
3A
2i
x
1 2
3
i
x
0
18
Solution 3.15
-(3) - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 3 2 : ) 3 / 8 (
2
) ( 2
8 4
v - v
2
3, node At
-(2) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 v - 7v -4v : 8) (
4
0 - v

8
v - v
2
v - v

2, node At
(1) - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 2 3 : ) 4 (
2 4
3 3
1, node At
3 2 1
2 1 3 2 3 1
2 1
3 2 1
2 3 2 2 1
3 2
3 2 1
2 1 3 1
1
= +

+ = +
= +
+ = + =
=

= + =
v v v
v v v v
i i i
i i i
v v v
v v v v
i i
x
x
x
O
4
2O
O
8
O
4
3A
2i
x
V
1
V
2
V
3
1
i
1
I=3A
i
x
2
i
2
i
3
3
i
1
19
(5) - - - - - - - 2v v 0 4v 2v -
(3) and Eq.(2) Adding
(4) 2.4
5
12
v - v
or
12 5v - 5v
2 1 2 1
2 1
2 1
= = +
= =
=
: Eq(3) and (1) Eq Adding
technique, n eliminatio the Using
20
-2.4V v 2.4V, v 4.8V, v
Thus,
-2.4V -v 4v - 3v 2v - 3v v
get, we (3) Eq. From
4.8V 2v v 2.4, v 2.4 v - 2v
yield (4) into Eq.(5) ng Substituti
3 2 1
2 2 2 1 2 3
2 1 2 2 2
= = =
= = = =
= = = =
21
Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
Important
Supernode formed by enclosing a
(dependent or independent) voltage
source connected between two non-
reference nodes and any elements
connected in parallel with it.
22
Mesh/Loop
Analysis
23
Mesh/Loop Analysis
Mesh analysis provides another general
procedure for analyzing circuits.
Recall that a loop is a closed path with no
node passed more than once.
A mesh is a loop that does not contain
any other loop within it.
Mesh analysis apply KVL to find
unknown currents
24
Cont
Mesh analysis is not quite as general as
nodal analysis, because it is only
applicable for a circuit that is planar.
A planar circuit is one that can be drawn
in a plane with no branches crossing one
another; otherwise it is nonplanar.
For better understanding, refer to Sadiku
and Alexander, 2
nd
Edition page 90-91.
25
Example 3.17
Write the mesh equation for the following
circuit.
1
VB
2
R
1
R
5
R
2
VB
4
R
3
R
26
Solution 3.17
) 1 ( V ) (-R I ) R (R I
0 )R I - (I R I V -
0 V V V -
: 1 loop for KVL
0 clockwise V
loop, all For
B1 4 2 4 1 1
4 2 1 1 1 B1
R4 R1 B1
= + +
= + +
= + +
= E
1
VB
R
3
1
R
R
4
2
VB
R
2
R
5
1
I
2
I
3
I
27
1
VB
R
3
1
R
R
4
2
VB
R
2
R
5
1
I
2
I
3
I
-(2) - - - - - - - - - 0 ) (-R I ) R R (R I ) (-R I
0 )R I - (I R I )R I - (I
0 V V V
: 2 loop for KVL
5 3 5 4 2 2 4 1
5 3 2 2 2 4 1 2
R5 R2 R4
= + + + +
= + +
= + +
28
1
VB
R
3
1
R
R
4
2
VB
R
2
R
5
1
I
2
I
3
I
) 3 ( V ) R (R I ) (-R I
V R I )R I - (I
0 V V V
: 3 loop for KVL
B2 5 3 3 5 2
B2 3 3 5 2 3
B2 R3 R5
= + +
= +
= + +
29
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

+
+ +
+
= + +
= + + + +
= + +
2
1
3
2
1
5 3 5
5 5 4 2 4
4 4 1
B2 5 3 3 5 2
5 3 5 4 2 2 4 1
B1 4 2 4 1 1
0
0
0
matrix, In
) 3 ( V ) R (R I ) (-R I
-(2) - - - - - - - - - 0 ) (-R I ) R R (R I ) (-R I
) 1 ( V ) (-R I ) R (R I

B
B
V
V
I
I
I
R R R
R R R R R
R R R
30
Example 3.18
Find Vo for the following circuit.
4A
O
2
O
6
5V
O
8 O
7
3A
Vo
31
3.04V (8) I V
I
8 (21) I
0 8I 4) - 6(I 5 - 3) 7(I
0 8I ) I - 6(I 5 - ) I - 7(I
0 V V 5 - V
0 clockwise V
: 3 Loop for KVL
3A I
: Loop2 For
4A I
: Loop1 For
3 8
3
3
3 3 3
3 1 3 2 3
8 6 7
2
1
= =
=
=
= + + +
= + +
= + +
= E
=
=
O
O O O
A 38 . 0
4A
O
2
O
6
5V
O
8 O
7
3A Vo
I
1
I
2 I
3
Solution 3.18
32
Mesh Analysis with Current Sources
Case 1:
When a current source exists only in one
mesh

Loop 2: I
2
= -5A
10V
4
3
6 I
1
I
2
5A
I
1=
-2A
-10+4i
1
+6(i
1
-i
2
) = 0
Loop 1:
33
Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis
How do we know which method is
better or more efficient?

Nodal analysis is normally used when a
circuit has fewer node equations than
mesh equations.
Mesh analysis is normally used when a
circuit has fewer mesh equations than
node equations.
34
Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis
(Nature of network)
Nodal Analysis
Networks that contain
many :
series-connected
elements
voltage sources
supernodes

Mesh Analysis
Networks that contain
many :
parallel-connected
elements
current sources
supermeshes
35
Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis
(Information required)

If node voltages are required, it maybe
expedient to apply nodal analysis

If branch or mesh currents are required,
it maybe expedient to apply mesh
analysis