“RES Policies. The reasons responsible for the delay in the development of wind energy in Greece”, D. Siachos, N-S. Koutsoukis
International Scientific Conference
eRA – 9, The SynEnergy Forum,
The Conference for International Synergy in Energy, Environment, Tourism and contribution of Information Technology in Science,
Economy, Society and Education
Hosted by:
T.E.I. of Piraeus (T.E.I. PIR)
Conference Center of T.E.I. PIRAEUS
“RES Policies. The reasons responsible for the delay in the development of wind energy in Greece”, D. Siachos, N-S. Koutsoukis
International Scientific Conference
eRA – 9, The SynEnergy Forum,
The Conference for International Synergy in Energy, Environment, Tourism and contribution of Information Technology in Science,
Economy, Society and Education
Hosted by:
T.E.I. of Piraeus (T.E.I. PIR)
Conference Center of T.E.I. PIRAEUS
“RES Policies. The reasons responsible for the delay in the development of wind energy in Greece”, D. Siachos, N-S. Koutsoukis
International Scientific Conference
eRA – 9, The SynEnergy Forum,
The Conference for International Synergy in Energy, Environment, Tourism and contribution of Information Technology in Science,
Economy, Society and Education
Hosted by:
T.E.I. of Piraeus (T.E.I. PIR)
Conference Center of T.E.I. PIRAEUS
*sc Mechanical Engineer, Degree in Business Administration, PhD student, Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Peloponnese. ** Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Peloponnese.
Aeolos, in Greek mythology, was appointed as the cashier of winds by Zeus. He invented the sails which move ships and taught their use .... Wind potential at 50 meters height for five different topographic conditions (Copyright 1989 by Ris National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark Sheltered terrain, Open plain, At a coast, Open sea Hills and ridges. European Union policy on RES Directive 96/92 / EC 'common rules for the internal energy market "[9], Directive 2001/77 / EC 'Promotion of electricity produced from RES in the internal energy market "[10], Directive 2002/91 / EC on the energy saving in buildings [11], Directive 2003/30 / EC on the promotion of biofuels or other mild forms of energy for transport [12], Directive 2003/54 / EC concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity (essentially replacing the 96/92 / EC) [13], Directive 2009/28 / EC "Promoting the use of energy from renewable sources" Communication from the Commission Com (2004) 366., Communication from the Commission Com (2006) 545 Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential. , Communication from the Commission Com (2006) 848 Roadmap for Renewable Energy - Renewable energies in the 21st century: building a more sustainable future" Communication from the Commission Com (2008) 30 Two times 20 to the 2020 Climate change and opportunity"., Communication from the Commission Com (2008) 768 Offshore Wind Energy: Action needed to achieve the Energy Policy Objectives for 2020 and beyond"., Communication from the Commission Com (2010) 2020 Europe 2020 Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth". , Communication from the Commission Com (2011) 31 Progress towards the target for energy from renewable sources by 2020." Working Documents SWD (2012) 343, SWD (2012) 344,
And finally: Green Paper Com (2013) 169 The framework for climate and energy policy for 2030" Global cumulative installed Wind Capacity 1996-2013 (MW) (GWEO)
Cumulative Wind Power Installations in the EU (GW) (WE)
Cumulative Wind Power Installations in Greece 1987- 2013 (MW) (ELETAEN)
wind capacity by country (MW) EU (15) Country End 2003 End 2013 Increase (MW) rate of increase % Germany 14.609 33.730 19.121 131 Spain 6.202 22.959 16.757 270 Dunmark 3.110 4.772 1.662 53 Netherland 912 2.693 1.781 195 Italy 904 8.551 7.647 846 U.K. 649 10.531 9.882 1523 Suiden 399 4.470 4.071 1020 Greece 375 1.865 1.490 397 France 239 8.254 8.015 3354 Austria 415 1.684 1.269 306 Portugal 299 4.724 4.425 1480 Ireland 186 2.037 1.851 995 Belgium 68 1.651 1.583 2328 Finland 51 448 397 778 Luxemburg 22 58 36 164 wind capacity by country (MW) EU (28) Country End 2003 End 2013 Increase (MW) rate of increase % Poland 57 3.390 3.333 5847 Latvia 24 62 38 158 Czech Republic 10 269 259 2590 Hungary 3 329 326 10867 Estonia 3 280 277 9233 Cyprus 2 147 145 7250 Lithuania 0 279 279 100 Malta 0 0 0 0 Slovakia 3 3 0 0 Slobenia 0 2 2 0 wind capacity by country (MW) REST Europe Country End 2003 End 2013 Increase (MW) rate of increase % Norway 101 768 667 660 Ukraine 57 371 314 551 Switzerland 5 60 55 1100 Romaine 1 2.599 2.598 259800 wind capacity by country (MW) (others) Country End 2003 End 2013 Increase (MW) rate of increase % Turkey 21 2.956 (End 2012: 500) 2.935 13976 Belarus 0 0 0 0 Serbia 0 0 0 0 Russia 0 15 15 0 wind capacity by country (MW) N.America Country End 2003 End 2013 Increase (MW) rate of increase % USA 6.374 61.091 54.717 858 Canada 317 7.803 7.486 2362 Total N.America 6.691 68.894 62.203 930 wind capacity by country (MW) Rest World Country End 2003 End 2013 Increase (MW) rate of increase % India 211 20.150 19.939 9450 japan 686 2.661 1.975 288 China 568 91.412 90.844 15994 Australia 198 3.239 3.041 1536 End 2003 End 2013 Increase (MW) rate of increase % Total Europe 4.809 121.474 116.665 2426 Total World 39.294 318.106 278.812 710 Total production of wind energy in the European Union and distributed among Member States & Wind Energy Participation in electricity generation to the Member States of the Europe. (European Wind Agency Association) Classification of countries according per capita installed wind power (2013)
W/ 0,87 Danish 0,48 Suiden 0,45 Ireland 0,44 Portugal 0,41 Germany 0,35 Spain 0,2 Austria 0,17 UK 0,16 Netherlands 0,17 Greece 0,15 Belgium 0,14 Italy 0,13 France 0,12 Luxembourg 0,08 Finland The basic mechanisms of RES support which have been developed Worldwide are:
In relation to the measurement of the sale price of the energy produced (Remuneration). In relation to setting goals to the penetration of RES (Target or Standard). In relation to the way licensing works (Permitting). In relation to how to integrate into the system of energy from RES (Grid Integration).
In relation to the measurement of the sale price of the energy produced (Remuneration):
Feed-in tariff ( ),
Premium or Adder system ( ), Auction or tendering system ( ),
Tax based (electricity) production incentives ( ),
Spot market trading ( ),
Investment subsidy or tax credit ( ),
Tradable Green Certificate [e.g. REC/ ROC] ( ),
Concessionary finance through government supported agencies ( ),
Concession on import duty ( ).
(Target or Standard):
Renewables Purchase Obligation or Renewables Portfolio Standard ( ),
Federal or statewise targets (binding or indicative) - ( ).
(Permitting):
Project sitting guidelines (
),
Project permitting process (
).
(Grid Integration):
Priority access to the grid
Grid code
Range of major policy mechanisms and support schemes used over time in the 12 studied markets. The chart illustrates the large number of policy instruments available (rows), while the constant adaptations of the policy regimes in a single country (columns) correspond to a learning process in developing a policy framework for wind energy. DANMARK 4.772 MW, 0,87W per capita In 1970, Denmark was one of the most energy-dependent countries in the world. The oil crisis 1973- 1974 was catastrophic. 99% of the country's energy needs were covered by imported coal and imported oil. The balance between imports -Exports Denmark was very negative while the pollution from the use of conventional fuels was great too. AFTER 1975: The participation of renewable energy in energy consumption has doubled while the corresponding contribution to electricity generation has tripled in ten years, because: the National Policy on Energy has remained constant for 20 years. There was also a consensus of all political parties, and there was public consultation and debate about environmental problems. Government organized together development projects with investors of generating companies. The number of entities to needed to be a licensed onshore wind farm are only 5!!!
GERMANY 33.730MW, 0,41W /Capita
German government introduced in 1999 a special environmental tax, the Eco-Tax Reform. The purpose of the new tax is to incorporate environmental costs related with the production and use of energy. This tax imposed on fossil fuels as well as in electricity.
Energy producers up to 2MW per establishment are excluded from the tax. The receipts from the tax designed to be used for the promotion of RES.
in Germany provided large sums for the promotion of research and development for renewable energy technologies, feature is that the Ministry of Environment has for this purpose amounts to around 40 million euros per year.
SPAIN 22.959 MW, 0,35W per capita The development of wind farms in Spain from 1995 to 2005 was really impressive. Spain is the second country in the EU installed capacity in wind farms. The main reasons for the development of wind farms are: The very good quality wind energy potential. The Spanish wind turbine construction companies are among the top of the world. In Spain, the cost in / kw decreased from 1700 1986 to 865 in 2000 and 700 / kw in 2010. Very good is also the institutional framework promotes safely RES development.
Also, amended the tax code and included in this provision provides tax relief of 10% for companies that invest in renewable energy.
Finally, in Spain there are several local programs and incentives for investment in renewable energy.
NETHERLAND 2.693MW, 0,16 W per capita
In 2009 the institutional framework introduces green certificates, and introduced Obligatory minimum share of electricity production from RES. A green energy certificate proves that a manufacturer distributes electricity to the grid a certain amount of electricity produced from RES in a given period. By the obligation of energy companies, to include the quantity of electricity that distribute a minimum percentage of electricity which is produced from RES, the trade of green certificates for renewable energy boost. Furthermore, the Dutch government adopted an energy tax (Regulatory energy tax). This tax is levied on the consumption of energy from small and medium-sized businesses and residential customers. Also, there are significant tax reductions for investments in RES.
GREECE 1.865MW, 0,17W per capita Grece has chosen to promote RES only with the relatively high guaranteed prices.
Prices of energy from RES in Greece is similar to that in Germany and Denmark, proving that price alone is not enough to develop renewable energy. Denmark also recently reduced the price of the produced energy from wind farms in all new wind farms connected to the network.
Conclusions 1. The issue of overregulation, unstable legal environment ambiguity and bureaucracy led to aversion of investor interest. In our country there are many laws on licensing wind farms, the provisions of which often conflict.
2. The lack of effective spatial framework and a forest register as the lack of clarity of capabilities of land use and the possible involvement of any one investment in the Council of State.
3. NIMBY Syndrome (the local communities came to speak for radioactive installations for complete destruction of flora and fauna, even suspending the reproduction ability of sheep and goats).
4. Our country chose with rigid stability the system of feed in tariff, and the system of subsidy of the initial investment, but without consider alternative and more flexible policies, eg copying stimulus given to Spain through local programs. It is sad that there is no present in the country neither a Mechanical workshop that is able to repair damage to the rotor of the turbine already installed.
5. Finally, in Greece there is a complete lack of offshore wind farms.