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=
n dt t n t f
T
b
n dt t n t f
T
a
T
t n b t n a a t f
T t
t
n
T t
t
n
n
n
n
n
e
e
t
e
e e
Period
Cosine terms
Sine terms
ES 240: Scientific and Engineering Computation. Introduction to Fourier Series
Theoretical Concepts
(
6
)
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+ =
=
+ + =
n
n
n
n n n
n
n
n
a
b
b a c
a c
t n c c t f
1
2 2
0 0
0
1
0
tan
) cos( ) (
u
u e
ES 240: Scientific and Engineering Computation. Introduction to Fourier Series
DC Offset
What is the difference between these two functions?
A
0 1 2 -1
-2
-A
A
0 1 2 -1
-2
Average
Value = 0
Average
Value ?
ES 240: Scientific and Engineering Computation. Introduction to Fourier Series
DC Offset
If the function has a DC value:
}
+
=
=
+ + =
0 1
1
) (
1
) sin( ) cos(
2
1
) (
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
T t
t
n
n
n
n
dt t f
T
a
t n b t n a a t f e e
ES 240: Scientific and Engineering Computation. Introduction to Fourier Series
Qualitative Analysis
Is it possible to have an idea of what your solution should
be before actually computing it?
For Sure
ES 240: Scientific and Engineering Computation. Introduction to Fourier Series
Properties DC Value
If the function has no DC value, then a
0
= ?
-1 1 2
-A
A
DC?
A
0 1 2 -1
-2
DC?
ES 240: Scientific and Engineering Computation. Introduction to Fourier Series
Properties Symmetry
A
A
0
/2
3/2
f(-t) = -f(t)
Even function
Odd function
0
-A
A
/2 3/2
f(-t) = f(t)
ES 240: Scientific and Engineering Computation. Introduction to Fourier Series
Properties Symmetry
Note that the integral over a period of an odd function is?
,... 3 , 2 , 1 .... ) sin( ) (
2
0 1
1
0
0
= =
}
+
n dt t n t f
T
b
T t
t
n
e
If f(t) is even:
Even
Odd X = Odd
,... 3 , 2 , 1 .... ) cos( ) (
2
0 1
1
0
0
= =
}
+
n dt t n t f
T
a
T t
t
n
e
Even
Even X = Even
ES 240: Scientific and Engineering Computation. Introduction to Fourier Series
Properties Symmetry
Note that the integral over a period of an odd function is zero.
,... 3 , 2 , 1 .... ) cos( ) (
2
0 1
1
0
0
= =
}
+
n dt t n t f
T
a
T t
t
n
e
If f(t) is odd:
Odd
Even X = Odd
,... 3 , 2 , 1 .... ) sin( ) (
2
0 1
1
0
0
= =
}
+
n dt t n t f
T
b
T t
t
n
e
Odd
Odd X = Even
ES 240: Scientific and Engineering Computation. Introduction to Fourier Series
Properties Symmetry
If the function has:
even symmetry: only the cosine and associated coefficients
exist
odd symmetry: only the sine and associated coefficients
exist
even and odd: both terms exist
ES 240: Scientific and Engineering Computation. Introduction to Fourier Series
Properties Symmetry
If the function is half-wave symmetric, then only odd
harmonics exist
Half wave symmetry: f(t-T
0
/2) = -f(t)
-1 1 2
-A
A
ES 240: Scientific and Engineering Computation. Introduction to Fourier Series
Properties Discontinuities
If the function has
Discontinuities: the coefficients will be proportional to 1/n
No discontinuities: the coefficients will be proportional to 1/n
2
Rationale:
-1 1 2
-A
A
A
0 1 2 -1
-2
Which is closer
to a sinusoid?
Which function has
discontinuities?
ES 240: Scientific and Engineering Computation. Introduction to Fourier Series
Example
Without any calculations, predict the general form of the
Fourier series of:
-1 1 2
-A
A
DC?
No, a
0
= 0;
Symmetry?
Even, b
n
= 0;
Half wave
symmetry?
Yes, only odd
harmonics
Discontinuities?
No, falls of as
1/n
2
Prediction a
n
1/n
2
for n = 1, 3, 5, ;
ES 240: Scientific and Engineering Computation. Introduction to Fourier Series
Example
Now perform the calculation
} }
= =
+ 2 /
0
0
0
0
0
0 0 1
1
) cos( ) (
4
) cos( ) (
2
T T t
t
n
dt t n t f
T
dt t n t f
T
a e e
; 2
0
= T
t
t
e = =
2
2
0
... 5 , 3 , 1 ...
8
2 2
= = n
n
A
a
n
t
( ) ) cos( 1
4
) cos( 2 2
2 2
1
0
t
t
t n
n
A
dt t n At a
n
= =
}
zero for
n even
ES 240: Scientific and Engineering Computation. Introduction to Fourier Series
Example
Now compare your calculated answer with your predicted
form
DC?
No, a
0
= 0;
Symmetry?
Even, b
n
= 0;
Half wave
symmetry?
Yes, only odd
harmonics
Discontinuities?
No, falls of as
1/n
2
ES 240: Scientific and Engineering Computation. Introduction to Fourier Series
Class exercise
Discuss the general form of the solution of the function
below and write it down
Compute the Fourier series representation of the function
With your partners, compare your calculations with your
predictions and comment on your solution
A
0 1 2 -1
-2