AUDIO AND SPEECH

PROCESSING

Name:praveen kumar k j
1
st
sem mtech
Branch:signal processing
cambridge institute of
Technology

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Definations and properties of short
time fourier analysis
Fourier transform interpretation
Linear filtering interpretation
DEFINATIONS AND PROPERTIES OF
SHORT TIME FOURIER ANALYSIS
In defining a time dependent fourier
representation,We are motivated by the need for
spectral representation,which reflects the time
varying properties of speech waveform
A useful defination of the time dependent fourier
transform is


In the above equation w(n-m) is real window
sequence which determines the portion of the input





The time dependent fourier transform is clearly a
function two variables called the time index n
which is discreate and the frequency variable w
which is contineous
Hence the alternative form of above equation is
obtained by changing the summation index which
yields expression

If we define


Substitute equation 6.3 in 6.2, we get






The above equation 4 can be interpreted in two ways

Firstly, if we assume that n is fixed,we note that
fourier transform is simply a normal fourier transform
of the sequence w(n-m)x(m)

Second interpretation follows by considering normal
fourier transform as function of time index n with
w is fixed, in this case we observe that both
equations 1 and the 3 are in the form of convolution
FOURIER TRANSFORM
INTERPRETATION
To begin, we shall consider normal fourier transform
of the sequence w(n-m)x(m) for fixed n. Hence the
sequence w(n-m)x(m) for the normal fourier trnsform
is expressed as


Note that integration in the above equation could be any
intervel of length 2pi. since the entire integrand is
periodic with period 2pi.now if w(0) is not equal to 0
the above equation can be expressed as m=n
There by obtaining
This is an important result,which we shall
see,takes on practical significance with imposition
of the additional constraints on the window or
which is useful for the further fourier
interpretation
Given that normal fourier transform of w(n-m)
x(m) for each value of n. Then it is easyly seen
that


Is the fourier transform of






The above equation 7 and 8 are serve to relate the
short time spectrum presentation to the short time
correlation
The short time fourier transform can be expressed
in variety of alternative forms.one perticular
simple form is in terms of its real and imaginary
parts ie,


for the case when x(m) and w(n-m) are both real,the
an(w) and bn(w) can be shown to satisfy certain
symmetry and periodicity relations
the another representation of short time fourier
trnsform in terms of its magnitude and phase as


Hence in order to discuss a role of real window
W(n-m) and x(m),the obivious function of selecting
portion of the sequence x(m). Let us assume the normal
fourier transform as given below,


and
Then normal fourier transform of w(n-m)x(m) for fixed
n is the convolution of transforms w(n-m) and x(m)
since for fixed n the fourier transform of w(n-m) is
the


by changing the summation we can write


We observe that the fourier transform of the sequence
x(m) is convoluted with the fourier transform of the
shifted window sequence.this result will conclude us that
normal fourier trnsform of the speech signal does not
exist.,


The effects of using windows for speech spectral
analysis are shown in fig1 and fig2. the part a of each
of these figures shows the windowed signal of x(m)
w(n-m) for hamming window. part b shows the log
magnitude in db units. Part c shows the windowed
signal using rectangular window and part d shows the
resulting magnitude spectrum.
LINEAR FILTERING
INTERPRETATION












For a perticular value of w,the fourier transform can be
thought of the output of system depicted in 6.6a where
w(n) plays a role of the impulse response of the linear
shift invarient system. Note that in fig 6.6a, the input
and output of the linear system are compex as shown in
below equation..,


Then the operations required to obtain an(w) and bn(w)
are shown in fig 6.6b where all the sequences are real.
To see how the system of fig 6.6a operates to form the
short time fourier transform at frequency w, it helpful
to assume that normal fourier transform of x(n) exist.
The above fig 6.7 shows the another interpretation in
terms of linear filtering. As shown in the above fig
6.7a, fourier transform can also be thought as the result
of modulating exponential with the output of a complex
bandpass filter.
The comparision of fig 6.6b shows that if both an(w)
and bn(w) are required. The implementation of fig 6.6b
is given by below equations.,


THANK YOU