Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
First Semester, 2011/2012
HYDRAULICS
(670441)
Lecture Title
Pumps
Definition
Water pumps are devices designed to convert
mechanical energy to hydraulic energy.
They are used to move water from lower
points to higher points with a required
discharge and pressure head.
This chapter will deal with the basic hydraulic
concepts of water pumps
Pump Classification
Positive-displacement pumps
Screw pumps
Reciprocating pumps
Screw pumps.
Reciprocating pumps.
Centrifugal Pumps
Demours centrifugal pump - 1730
Theory
conservation of angular momentum
conversion of kinetic energy to potential energy
Pump components
rotating element - impeller
encloses the rotating element and seals the pressurized
liquid inside casing or housing
Centrifugal Pumps
Broad range of applicable flows and heads
Higher heads can be achieved by increasing the
diameter or the rotational speed of the impeller
Flow Expansion
Discharge
Casing
Suction Eye
Impeller
Impeller
Vanes
Centrifugal Pump:
Centrifugal pumps (radial-flow pumps) are the most
used pumps for hydraulic purposes. For this reason,
their hydraulics will be studied in the following
sections.
Which is an air-tight
passage surrounding the
impeller
designed to direct the
liquid to the impeller
and lead it away
Volute casing. It is of
spiral type in which the
area of the flow
increases gradually.
3. Suction Pipe.
4. Delivery Pipe.
5. The Shaft: which is the bar by which the
power is transmitted from the motor drive to
the impeller.
6. The driving motor: which is responsible for
rotating the shaft. It can be mounted directly
on the pump, above it, or adjacent to it.
H ms
Ht
hs
fs
hd
H stat
H md
hfd
Case 1
Datum pump
center line
hf s
H ms
hs
Ht
H stat
hd
H md
hf d
Case 2
Datum pump
center line
2
Vd
2g
( Hm s
2
Vs
2g
Vd2
Vs2
( Hm s
)
2g
2g
Case 1
Eq.(1)
Case 2
Eq.(2)
Hm s hs h f s hm s
Substitute into eq. (1)
H t hd h f d hmd
but
Vs2
2g
Vs2
2g
Case 1
Case 2
Vd2
Vs2 Vs2
hs h f s hm s
2 g
2g
2 g
Hstat hd hs
Ht H stat h f d hmd h f
hm s
Vd2
2g
Eq.(3)
Case 1
Vd2
Ht
Z d
Z s
2g
2g
Pd
Eq.(4)
Pump Efficiency
Power output Po Q Ht
p
Power input
Pi
Pi
or
Q Ht
Pi
p
Motor efficiency :
m
Pi
m
Pm
Pm
Pi
o p m
Po
o
Pm
Pvapor
2
s
2g
NPSH
Ps
2
Vs
2g
Pvapor
There are two values of NPSH of interest. The first is the required NPSH,
denoted (NPSH)R , that must be maintained or exceeded so that cavitation
will not occur and usually determined experimentally and provided by the
manufacturer.
The second value for NPSH of concern is the available NPSH, denoted
(NPSH)A , which represents the head that actually occurs for the particular
piping system. This value can be determined experimentally, or calculated if
the system parameters are known.
Determination of
(NPSH)A
datum
hs
air
VS2
hS
hL
2g
PS
VS2 Patm
hS hL
2 g air
PS
PVapor
VS2 PVapor Patm
hS hL
2 g Vapor air
Vapor
PS
( NPSH ) A
Patm
air
hS hL
PVapor
Vapor
( NPSH ) A hs h f s hm s
Patm
Pvapor
at T 20
Patm 10.14 kN / m 2
PVapor 2.335 kN / m
Ht
Selection of A Pump
It has been seen that the efficiency of a pump depends on the discharge,
head, and power requirement of the pump. The approximate ranges of
application of each type of pump are indicated in the following Figure.
Selection of A Pump
In selecting a particular pump for a given system:
The design conditions are specified and a pump is selected
for the range of applications.
A system characteristic curve (H-Q) is then prepared.
The H-Q curve is then matched to the pump characteristics
chart which is provided by the manufacturer.
The matching point (operating point) indicates the actual
working conditions.
H t H stat hL
System Curve
70
Hstat Shl
60
50
H (m)
40
30
20
10
0
Q (m3 /hr)
12
15
18
Head (m)
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Discharge (m3/s)
0.8
H p ( z 2 z1 ) fn (Q)
NPSH
70%
50
60%
cien
cy
60
40
50%
40%
30
20
10
0
100
200
300
Q (m3/hr)
400
Efficiency
%
80%
Pump Curve
effi
H (m)
70
NPSH - m
6
4
2
0
Pumps Group
Pump Curve
70
70%
60%
ncy
60
eff
H (m)
50%
icie
50
40
40%
System Curve
30
20
10
0
Q (m3 /hr)
12
15
18
NPSH - m
Efficiency %
6
4
2
0
Selected Pump
Elevated Tank
Selected Pump
Pump Curve
System Curve
Example 1
A Pump has a cavitation constant = 0.12, this pump was instructed
on well using UPVC pipe of 10m length and 200mm diameter, there
are elbow (ke=1) and valve (ke=4.5) in the system. the flow is 35m3
and The total Dynamic Head Ht = 25m (from pump curve)
f=0.0167
Calculate the maximum suction head
atm. pressure head 9.69 m
Vapour pressure head 0.2m
0.12
NPSH R H t 0.12 25 3
Patm PVapor
(NPSH)A hS h f S hmS
air Vapor
VS
Q
0.035
1.11 m/s
A 0.22
4
VS2 1.112
he
0.063
2g
2g
VS2
1.112
hV 4.5
4.5
0.283 m
2g
2g
L V2
10 1.112
h fS f
0.0167
0.053 m
D 2g
0.2 2 g
Patm PVapor
(NPSH)A hS h f S hmS
air Vapor
Example 2
For the following pump, determine the required pipes diameter to
pump 60 L/s and also calculate the needed power.
Minor losses 10 v2/2g
Pipe length 10 km
roughness = 0.15 mm
hs = 20 m
Q
L/s
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Ht
31
35
38
40.6
42.5
43.7
44.7
45
40
53
60
60
57
50
35
10 V 2 10 0.85
hm
0.37m
2g
2g
2
hs h f hm 43 .69 m 35 m
0.2m
2g
2g
2
hs h f hm 30 .68 m 35 m
60
35
QH t 1000 9.81 1000
Pi
38869.8W 38.87kW
p
0.53
Example 3
A pump was designed to satisfy the following system
Q (m3/hr)
hf (m)
3
12
6
20
9
38
24 V 2
suction Part hL
2g
H =58m
NPSHR =4.1
Then Check NPSHA
Q
9 / 3600
V
1.27m/s
2
A
0.05
4
2
24 1.27
hL
2.0m
2g
(NPSH) A h S h f S
Patm PVapor
h mS
air Vapor
Multiple-Pump Operation
To install a pumping station that can be effectively
operated over a large range of fluctuations in both
discharge and pressure head, it may be advantageous
to install several identical pumps at the station.
Pumps in Parallel
Pumps in Series
Qtotal
Qtotal =Q1+Q2+Q3
Pump
Pump
Q1
Q2
Pump
Q3
Pumps in Parallel:
Q Q1 Q 2 Q3 Q n Q
j1
H m H m1 H m2 H m3 H mn
Pump
Pump
Pump
Htotal =H1+H2+H3
3H1
Three pumps
in series
H1
2H1
Two pumps
in series
H1
H1
Single pump
H1
Q
Q1
Constant-speed pumps
6
4
2
0
NPSH
70%
50
60%
cien
cy
60
40
50%
40%
30
20
10
0
100
200
300
Q (m3/hr)
400
Efficiency %
80%
Pump Curve
effi
H (m)
70
NPSH - m
Variable-speed pumps
For this type, the angular
speed , N , is variable, i.e.;
pump can operate at
different speeds.
The pump performance is
presented by several pump
curves, one for each speed
Each curve is used to suit
certain operating
requirements of the system.
Similarity Laws:
Affinity laws
The actual performance characteristics curves of
pumps have to be determined by experimental testing.
Furthermore, pumps belonging to the same family,
i.e.; being of the same design but manufactured in
different sizes and, thus, constituting a series of
geometrically similar machines, may also run at
different speeds within practical limits.
Each size and speed combination will produce a
unique characteristics curve, so that for one family of
pumps the number of characteristics curves needed to
be determined is impossibly large.
Q1 N1
H2 N 2
H1 N1
Pi 2 N 2
Pi1 N1
N1
N2
H2 D2
H1 D1
Pi 2 D2
Pi1 D1
Example 4
Solution
Specific Speed
Pump types may be more explicitly defined by the
parameter called specific speed (Ns) expressed by:
Ns
N
H
Where:
Q
3
centrifugal
mixed flow
axial flow
up to 2600
2600 to 5000
5000 to 10 000
Example 5
A centrifugal pump running at 1000 rpm gave the following
relation between head and discharge:
Discharge (m3/min)
Head (m)
4.5
9.0
1) System curve:
The head required from pump =
static + friction + velocity head
H t H stat h f
hmd h f
hm s
Vd2
2g
Hstat = 15 m
Friction losses (including equivalent entrance losses) =
8 f LQ 2
h fs hms h fd hmd 2 g D5
8 0.024 (69 6) 2
Q
2
5
g (0.3)
61 .21Q 2
where Q in m3/s
Vd2
1 Q
2
10.2Q
Velocity head in delivery pipe =
2g 2g A
3
where Q in m /s
Thus:
H t 15 71 .41Q 2
where Q in m3/s
or
3
2
H
15
19
.
83
10
Q
where Q in m3/min
t
From this equation and the figures given in the problem the
following table is compiled:
Discharge (m3/min)
4.5
9.0
Head,Ht (m)
Pump Curve
System Curve
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Head,Ht (m)
A
B
Pump Curve
System Curve
A
B
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Q2 N2
Q1 N1
H Q
H B QB
H2 N 2
H1 N1
16 2
H 2 Q 0.327Q 2
7
This curve intersects the original curve for N1 = 1000 rpm
at C where Qc= 8.2 m3/ hr and Hc= 21.9 m, then
QB N 2
QC N1
7 N2
8.2 1000
N2 = 855rpm
Head,Ht (m)
B
Pump Curve
System Curve
A
B
C
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Example 6
Abbreviations:
G.V = Gate Valve
C.V = Check Valve
A.V = Air release Valve
E.R = Eccentric Reducer
C.I = Concentric increase
I.N = Inlet Nozzle
O.N = Outlet Nozzle
S.P = Suction Pipe
D.P = Delivery Pipe
W.W = Wet Well
D.W = Dry Well
Data:
1.
2.
3.
Coefficient of friction:
f = 0.02 (assumed constant).
4.
Required??
The given Figure shows a pump station.
Use the pump characteristic curves and the data given above to:
a) Choose a suitable pump which satisfies the requirements of
the piping system shown,
b) Find the power and efficiency of the pump,
c) Find the overall efficiency (motor and pump) if the motor
efficiency is given to be 90%, also find the required power
input to the motor.
d) Check the pump for cavitation at T = 25oC
Solution
A. Pump Selection:
H t H stat h L or
H t H stat h f
hm s h f d hm d
Vd2
2g
Qmax
0.05 * 4
102
. m/ s
2
As
(0.25)
Friction losses:
Ls Vs2
5.0 (102
. )2
h fs f
0.02 *
*
0.021m
Ds 2 g
0.25 2 * 9.81
Minor losses:
Vs2
(102
. )2
(0.3 01
. 01
. ) 0.5 *
0.027 m
hms
2g
2 * 9.81
Friction losses:
h fd
Qmax
0.05 * 4
16
. m/ s
2
Ad
(0.20)
Ld Vd2
5135
.
(16
. )2
f
0.02 *
*
6.7 m
Dd 2 g
0.2 2 * 9.81
Minor losses:
Vd2
(16
. )2
(0.2 0.05 0.2 0.05 2.5 01
. 2 * 0.05) 3.2 *
0.42 m
hmd
2g
2 * 9.81
Therefore
H t H stat h f s hm s h f d hm d
Vd2
2g
(16
. )2
Ht 5.3 0.027 0.021 0.42 6.7
5.3 7.3 12.6 mwc
2 * 9.81
Vs2
f Ls
Vd2
f Ld
( ks
)
( kd
)
2g
Ds
2g
Dd
Q2
f Ls
f Ld
Q2
( k s
)
( k d
)
hL
2
2
D
D
2 As g
2 Ad g
s
d
2
2
2
h L Q ( K ) Q ( K ) Q ( K K )
2
hL Q K
Therefore
Q2
Q2
hL 2 (4 0.5) 2 (51.35 4.2)
2 As g
2 Ad g
2
2
hL (4 0.5)21.15Q (51.35 4.2)51.64Q
2
h
2963
.
88
Q
L
Thus:
2
hLi Qi K
2
hL max Qmax K
Therefore
Or
Qi2
hLi
2
hL max Qmax
2
Qi
* h L max
h Li
Qmax
System curve
System curve
Operating
point
12.6
It is clear from the above figure that the required pump is the
35-cm impeller pump
and hence
p
0.824 82%
Pi
Pi
7.5 *1000
7.6
0.738
Pm
Pm
and hence
Pm 8.27 kw 112
. HP
( NPSH ) A
( NPSH ) A
Patm
hs h f s hm s
101 * 1000
317
. * 1000
3 0.021 0.027
1000 * 9.81
1000 * 9.81
( NPSH ) A 12.924 m 3 m
no cavitation.
Pvapor
Home Work