IP ADDRESSING FUNDAMENTALS

Nobody knows youre a dog?

On the Internet,
nobody knows youre a dog

You are nothing but an IP address!

On the Internet
you are nothing but an IP Address!

www.n-able.biz
66.187.232.50

www.dialog.lk
216.239.39.99

www.apnic.net
202.12.29.20

WWW.cisco.com
4.17.168.6

www.ebay.com
66.135.208.101
202.12.29.142

www.ebay.com
66.135.208.88

www.doggie.com
198.41.3.45

www.dogs.biz
209.217.36.32

www.gnso.org
199.166.24.5W

Internet for everything!

What is an IP address?

An IP address is the logical address of a network interface.

The IP address uniquely identify network devices on a network.
An IP address can be private, for use on a LAN, or public,
for use on the Internet or other WAN.
IP addresses can be determined statically
(assigned to a computer by a system administrator) or dynamically
(assigned by another device on the network on demand).

What is a IP address (Cont)?

IP addresses consist of four bytes (32 bits).

8bit

8bit

8bit

8bit

Each byte of an IP address is known as an octet.

Octets can take any value between 0 and 255, but various rules exist for
ensuring IP addresses are valid.
27
1

26
1

25
1

24
1

23
1

22
1

21
1

20
1

128

64

32

16

1 = 255

What is a IP address (Cont)?

0-255

0-255

Eg:
192.168.100.13
200.5.6.7
1.2.3.4
10.224.223.221

0-255

0-255

What is a IP address (Cont)?

An IP address has two main parts
1. Network Address
2. Host Address

Eg:
8 bit

Network Address

8 bit

8 bit
Host Address

10.1.1.1
112.32.201.11

8 bit

What is a IP address? - Summary

IP Addressing Classes
There are 5 classes of IP addresses
1. Class A address
2. Class B address
3. Class C address
4. Class D address
5. Class E address

Class A Address
First 8bits are used to represent the network address
Remaining 24 bits are used to represent the client address
8 bit
Network Address

8 bit

8 bit

8 bit

Host Address

If we use only class A IP addresses;

Maximum number of networks
Maximum number of hosts in a one network

= 255
= 16777115

Class B Address
First 16 bits are used to represent the network address
Remaining 16 bits are used to represent the client address
8 bit

8 bit

8 bit

Network Address

8 bit

Host Address

If we use only class A IP addresses;

Maximum number of networks
Maximum number of hosts in a one network

= 65535
= 65535

Class C Address
First 24 bits are used to represent the network address
Remaining 8 bits are used to represent the client address
8 bit

8 bit

8 bit

Network Address

8 bit
Host Address

If we use only class A IP addresses;

Maximum number of networks
Maximum number of hosts in a one network

= 16777115
= 255

Usage of address classes within

the limited addressing range
IP addresses are limited
Number of network addresses required is vary from organization to organization
Number of hosts in a network is vary from network to network

Due to these reasons entire addressing

space can not be allocated only to one class of addresses

Due to these reasons entire addressing

Space need to be allocated among all classes

Class A Address
First 8 bits are used to represent the network address
Remaining 24 bits are used to represent the client address
Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127 networks.
Addressing range 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255
1-126

0-255

Eg:

0-255

Host Address

Network Address
0NNNNNNN

0-255

Host

Host

IP Address

1.2.3.4
50.100.150.200
126.222.232.250

Host
Network Address

1.0.0.0
50.0.0.0
126.0.0.0

Class A Addresses in a network

External Network

Traffic to
10.1.1.1 (Traffic address to 10.0.0.0 NW)
Advertise
10.0.0.0

Local Router

Delivered to host

10.200.100.50

10.2.5.6

10.1.2.3

10.1.1.1

10.0.0.0
network

Class B Address
First 16 bits are used to represent the network address
Remaining 16 bits are used to represent the client address

Supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks.

Addressing range 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255

128-191

0-255

0-255

Host Address

Network Address
10NNNNNN
Eg:

NNNNNNNN

0-255

Host

IP Address

128.2.3.4
160.0.0.1
175.222.232.250

Host
Network Address

128.2.0.0
160.0.0.0
175.222.0.0

Class B Addresses in a network

External Network

Traffic to
172.16.1.1 (Traffic address to 172.16.0.0 NW)
Advertise
172.16.0.0

Local Router

Delivered to host

172.16.100.50

172.16.5.6

172.16.2.3

172.16.1.1

172.16.0.0
network

Class C Address
First 24 bits are used to represent the network address
Remaining 8 bits are used to represent the client address

Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks.

Addressing range 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

192-223

0-255

0-255

Network Address
110NNNNN
Eg:

Host Address

NNNNNNNN NNNNNNNN

IP Address

192.168.3.4
212.0.0.1
205.222.232.250

0-255

Host
Network Address

192.168.3.0
212.0.0.0
205.222.232.0

External Network

Traffic to
192.168.3.4 (Traffic address to 192.168.3.0 NW)
Advertise
192.168.3.0

Local Router

Delivered to host

172.16.100.50

172.16.5.6

172.16.2.3

172.16.1.1

192.168.3.0
network

Class D Address
Reserved for multicast groups
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

224-239

1110MMMM

Eg:

0-255

0-255

0-255

MMMMMMMM MMMMMMMM MMMMMMMM

Multicast Address

Functionality

224.0.0.1

All Systems on this Subnet

224.0.0.10

IGRP Routers

224.0.0.9

RIP2 Routers

More Details Allocation of multicast addresses - http://www.iana.org/assignments/multicast-addresses

Class E Address
Reserved for Future use
Addressing range - 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

240-255

1111MMMM

0-255

0-255

0-255

MMMMMMMM MMMMMMMM MMMMMMMM

IP Address Classes Exercise

Address
10.2.1.1
128.63.2.100
201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2
130.113.64.16
256.241.201.10

Class

Network

Host

IP Address Classes Exercise - Answers

Address

Class

10.2.1.1

10.0.0.0

0.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

128.63.0.0

0.0.2.100

201.222.5.64

201.222.5.0

0.0.0.64

192.6.141.2

192.6.141.0

0.0.0.2

130.113.64.16

130.113.0.0

0.0.64.16

256.241.201.10

Nonexistent

Network

Host

IP addressing classes - Summary