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CONTENT:
o 1. About the Indian railway

o 2. Railway signaling
o 3.FOIS
4.OFC

1853 First railway train journeyed distance of 22 miles between

Bombay to Thana.

It runs 12000 trains every day.

It carry 1.4 crore passengers & 16 lakh tones of goods every

day.
Daily earnings Rs120 crore.
Indian Railway are divided into zones which are further divided
into division.
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RAILWAY SIGNALLING:Railway signalling :-is a system used to control railway traffic safely,
essentially to prevent trains from colliding.

Mainly there are two types of signals:-

Mechanical signals:- Older forms of signal displayed

their different aspects by their physical position.
Colour light signals:-On most modern railways, colour
light signals have largely replaced mechanical ones.

Controlling Of Signals:These signals are controlled by panel which is situated in ASM office

Some Keys Of Pannel:Description

Code

Colour

Remarks

Main Signal Button

S-5

RED

Entrance Button

Track /Route Button

S-6

GREY

Exit Button

Level Crossing Button

S-7

BLUE

Operated with S-6

Group Slot Button

S-8

GREEN

For giving group slot

Point Group Button

S-9

WHITE

To point out location

Emergency Button

S-10

R+G

In emergency

 FOIS is a system for instant management and control of freight

movement.
FOIS enables freight customers to have instant access to
information regarding the current status of their consignments in
transit.
It brings the transparency in freight operations so that customers
will get up to date information.
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FOIS Architecture

An optical fibre ( or fiber ) is a glass or plastic

fibre that carries light along its length.

It has two main component layers: A Core & A

Cladding.

Light is kept in the core of optical fibre.

Cladding is for the protection of fibre.

Thinner than other tubes.

Less expensive
High Carrying Capacity.
Provides a very large Bandwidth
Less signal distortion
Non- flammable
Light Weight

Expensive over short

distance.
Very high Installation
charges
& demands high skills.
Adding additional nodes is
difficult.

Core: Thin Glass Center of

the fibre where light travels.
Cladding: Outer Optical
Material surrounding the
Core.
Buffer Coating: Plastic
Coating that protects the
Fibre.

The Core , & the lower refractive

index Cladding , are typically made
of high quality silica glass, though
they can be both made of plastic as
well.

Two main categories that are used in Fibre

Optic Communications are:

Multi-mode Optical Fibre

Single Mode Optical Fibre

Single-mode Fibre:
Carries light pulses
along single path.

Multi-mode Fibre:
Many pulses of light
Generated by LED
At different angles.

Single-mode fibers used to transmit one signal per

fiber (used in telephone and cable TV). They have
small cores(9 microns in diameter) and transmit infra-

red light from laser.

Multi-mode fibers used to transmit many

signals per fiber (used in computer networks).
They

have

larger

cores(62.5

microns

in

diameter) and transmit infra-red light from

LED.

The

boundary

between the core and

cladding may either

be abrupt, in step-

index

fiber,
or
gradual, in gradedindex fiber.

A step-index fiber has a central core with a

uniform refractive index. An outside cladding
that also has a uniform refractive index

surrounds the core;

However, the refractive index of the cladding

is less than that of the central core.

In graded-index fiber, the index of refraction

in the core decreases continuously between
the axis and the cladding. This causes light

rays to bend smoothly as they approach the

cladding, rather than reflecting abruptly from
the core-cladding boundary.

It is a method of transmitting information

from one place to another by sending light
through an optical fiber.

The light forms an electromagnetic carrier

wave that is modulated to carry information.

To optimize train scheduling.

Speed measurement.
Signal distribution by FBG.
Traffic light monitoring.

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