Kuliah

EKONOMI TEKNIK
Ir. Sidharta Sahirman MS, MSIE, PhD

CASH FLOW DIAGRAMS

(Diagram aliran tunai)

i = bunga efektif setiap periode

N = jumlah/lama periode pembungaan (bulan, tahun dsb)
P = present sum of money. Jumlah uang saat ini.
F = future sum of money. Jumlah uang periode yang diinginkan
A = end-of-period cash flows (or equivalent end-of-period
values ). Nilai tunai seragam pada periode tertentu
(bulanan, tahunan, dsb)
G = uniform gradient amounts. Nilai tunai periode tertentu
bila dihitung meningkat/menurun (tidak seragam). (Bunga
berbunga dsb)

Bunga (interest) atau juga keuntungan

(profit) terjadi karena:
1. Timbulnya biaya administrasi
2. Setiap investasi melibatkan resiko
3. Penurunan mata uang yang
diinvestasikan (inflasi)
4. Investor menunda kepuasan yang bisa
dialami segera dengan menginvestasikan
uangnya

NOTASI DIAGRAM ALIRAN TUNAI

1
1
1

5=N

Time scale with progression of time moving from left to

right; the numbers represent time periods (e.g., years,
months, quarters, etc...) and may be presented within a
time interval or at the end of a time interval.

1
P =$8,000

1
2

5=N

Time scale with progression of time moving from left to

right; the numbers represent time periods (e.g., years,
months, quarters, etc...) and may be presented within a
time interval or at the end of a time interval.

PENGELUARAN SAAT INI (cash outflow) SEJUMLAH

$8,000 (UNTUK PEMINJAM).

CASH FLOW DIAGRAM NOTATION

A = $2,524 3
1
P =$8,000

1
2

5=N

Time scale with progression of time moving from left to

right; the numbers represent time periods (e.g., years,
months, quarters, etc...) and may be presented within a
time interval or at the end of a time interval.

Present expense (cash outflow) of $8,000 for lender.

Annual income (cash inflow) of $2,524 for lender.

CASH FLOW DIAGRAM NOTATION

A = $2,524 3
1
P =$8,000

1
2

4
4

5=N

i = 10% per year

Time scale with progression of time moving from left to

right; the numbers represent time periods (e.g., years,
months, quarters, etc...) and may be presented within a
time interval or at the end of a time interval.

Present expense (cash outflow) of $8,000 for lender.

Annual income (cash inflow) of $2,524 for lender.

Interest rate of loan.

CASH FLOW DIAGRAM NOTATION

A = $2,524 3
5
1
P =$8,000

1
2

4
4

5=N

i = 10% per year

Time scale with progression of time moving from left to

right; the numbers represent time periods (e.g., years,
months, quarters, etc...) and may be presented within a
time interval or at the end of a time interval.

Present expense (cash outflow) of $8,000 for lender.

Annual income (cash inflow) of $2,524 for lender.

Interest rate of loan.

Dashed-arrow line indicates

amount to be determined.

MENGHITUNG NILAI ALIRAN TUNAI

Menghitung F bila diketahui P:
F = P ( 1+i ) N
(1+i)N single payment compound amount factor
functionally expressed as F = ( F / P, i%,N )
predetermined values of this are presented in column 2
of Appendix C of text.
P

N=

F=?

Contoh
1. Single Payment
a. Seseorang mendepositokan uangnya di
Bank sebesar $500. Berapa uang tersebut
setelah 5
Tahun bila suku bunga i=6%
Penyelesaian:
) + 1( = = $500 (1+0,06)5 = $669.112

 Menghitung P bila diketahui F:

Finding present value when given future value
P = F [1 / (1 + i ) ] N
(1+i)-N single payment present worth factor
functionally expressed as P = F ( P / F, i%, N )
predetermined values of this are presented in column 3
of Appendix C of text;
0

N=
P=?

 b. Jika kita menginginkan ditabungan kita

setelah 5 Tahun, uangnya menjadi $1.000.
berapa uang
yang harus depositokan sekarang bila
suku bunga i=6%
Solution:
P = F(1+i)-n= $1.000 (1+0,06)-5 = $747,26

RELATING A UNIFORM SERIES (ORDINARY ANNUITY) TO

PRESENT AND FUTURE EQUIVALENT VALUES
Finding F given A:
Finding future equivalent income (inflow) value given a
series of uniform equal Payments
(1+i)N-1
F=A
i
uniform series compound amount factor in [ ]
functionally expressed as F = A ( F / A,i%,N )
predetermined values are in column 4 of Appendix C of
text
F=?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A=

( F / A,i%,N ) = (P / A,i,N ) ( F / P,i,N )

N

( F / A,i%,N ) = k= 1 F / P,i,N-k )

RELATING A UNIFORM SERIES (ORDINARY

ANNUITY) TO PRESENT AND FUTURE EQUIVALENT
VALUES
Finding P given A:
Finding present equivalent value given a series of
uniform equal receipts
(1+i)N-1
P=A
i(1+i)N
uniform series present worth factor in [ ]
functionally expressed as P = A ( P / A,i%,N )
predetermined values are in column 5 of Appendix
C of text
A= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P=?

( P / A,i%,N ) = k= 1 P / F,i,k )

RELATING A UNIFORM SERIES (ORDINARY

ANNUITY) TO PRESENT AND FUTURE EQUIVALENT
VALUES
Finding A given F:
Finding amount A of a uniform series when given the
equivalent future value
i
A=F
( 1 + i ) N -1
sinking fund factor in [ ]
functionally expressed as A = F ( A / F,i%,N )
predetermined values are in column 6 of Appendix
F=
C of text
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A =?

( A / F,i%,N ) = 1 / ( F / A,i%,N )
( A / F,i%,N ) = ( A / P,i%,N ) - i

RELATING A UNIFORM SERIES (ORDINARY

ANNUITY) TO PRESENT AND FUTURE EQUIVALENT
VALUES
Finding A given P:
Finding amount A of a uniform series when given the
equivalent present value
i ( 1+i )N
A=P
( 1 + i ) N -1
capital recovery factor in [ ]
functionally expressed as A = P ( A / P,i%,N )
predetermined values are in column 7 of Appendix
P=
C of text
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A =?

( A / P,i%,N ) = 1 / ( P / A,i%,N )

NOMINAL AND EFFECTIVE INTEREST RATES

Nominal Interest Rate - r - For rates compounded
more frequently than one year, the stated annual
interest rate.
Effective Interest Rate - i - For rates compounded more
frequently than one year, the actual amount of interest
paid.
i = ( 1 + r / M )M - 1 = ( F / P, r / M, M ) -1
M - the number of compounding periods per year

Annual Percentage Rate - APR - percentage rate per

period times number of periods.
APR = r x M

COMPOUNDING MORE OFTEN THAN ONCE A YEAR

Single Amounts
Given nominal interest rate and total number of
compounding periods, P, F or A can be determined by
F = P ( F / P, i%, N )
i% = ( 1 + r / M ) M - 1
Uniform and / or Gradient Series
Given nominal interest rate, total number of compounding
periods, and existence of a cash flow at the end of each
period, P, F or A may be determined by the formulas and
tables for uniform annual series and uniform gradient
series.