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Networks
Plan

Plan Plan
Design
Loop framework
Leap frog
Many possibilities on any project
Efficiency
Confidence
GPS Network Overview.ppt

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Framework Loops

GPS Network Overview.ppt

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Seven 4-Receiver Sessions

GPS Network Overview.ppt

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Network Structure
Redundancy

& Geometry
Need to control the distribution of
errors
Less redundancy requires more
geometric strength
Measure the short lines
Connect the dots
GPS Network Overview.ppt

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Measure the Short Lines

GPS Network Overview.ppt

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Better Approach

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Even Better Approach

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Control
Need

sufficient control to solve rotation

biases
Avoid distorted positions
Improve vertical
Horizontal
Bare minimum = 2
Recommend 3 or more
Vertical
Bare minimum = 3
Recommend 4 or more
GPS Network Overview.ppt

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Network Bias Parameters

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Network Accuracy
Compass Rule
Simple proration based on distance
Does not adjust errors where they occur
Least squares
Isolates error with sufficient redundancy
Realistic A priori Error estimates
Output Statistics
User supplied
Standard Error of Unit Weight (Variance)
Normalized (Standardized) Residuals

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Specifications/Compliance
Be

realistic
Avoid specifying specific equipment or
techniques
Specify Positional Tolerances rather than
Relative Accuracies
Use the adjustment statistics to validate
accuracy compliance
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