Statistical Methods

What is a Control Chart?

A Control Chart is a statistical tool
used to distinguish between process
variation resulting from common
causes and variation resulting from
special causes.

Statistical Methods
What Are the Control Chart Types?
X-Bar and R Chart

Individual X and Moving Range Chart

Other Control Chart types:
c Chart
p Chart

Control Chart Decision Tree

Are you
charting
attribute
data?

YES

Use P chart and C

chart

NO

Data are
variables
Data

Is
sample
Size
equal to
1?

NO

For sample size

between 2 and
15, use X-Bar
and R Chart

YES

Use XmR
chart for
variables
data

XmR Chart
Steps in drawing an XmR Chart
1.Decide what are the data to be collected

2.Collect Data
3.Arrange data in their chronological sequence
4.Calculate Average ( X bar )
5.Compute Moving Range ( MR )
6.Calculate Average Moving Range ( MR bar )
7.Substitute in the formulae
8.UCL = Xbar+2.66(MRbar)
9.LCL = Xbar-2.66(MRbar)

XmR Chart
Example
Date

1/8 2/8 3/8

Minutes 19

22

16

4/8

5/8

6/8

7/8

8/8

9/8

10/8

18

19

23

18

15

19

18

XmR Chart
Calculating MR bar
Compute differences between successive values
arranged in their chronological sequence and
take the modulus of those values ( MR )
Calculate the average of the differences (MR bar)
Example
Date

1/8 2/8 3/8

Minutes 19
Ranges

4/8

5/8

6/8

7/8

8/8

9/8

10/8

22

16

18

19

23

18

15

19

18

Average = 187 / 10 = 18.7 ; MRbar = 29 / 9 = 3.2

XmR Chart
Steps in drawing an XmR Chart
Substituting in the formulae

UCL = Xbar+2.66(MRbar) = 18.7+2.66(3.2) = 27.27

LCL = Xbar-2.66(MRbar) = 18.7-2.66(3.2) = 10.13
Plotting the Chart we get

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0
1

10

Constructing an X bar and R Chart

Step 1 - Determine the data to be collected.
Step 2 - Collect and enter data by subgroup
Step 3 - Calculate and enter subgroup
averages
Step 4 - Calculate and enter subgroup
ranges
Step 5 - Calculate grand mean
Step 6 - Calculate average of subgroup
ranges
Step 7 - Calculate UCL and LCL for subgroup
averages
Step 8 - Select scales and plot
Step 9 - Document the chart

Average X = X1 + X2 + X3 +..+Xn
n
Where X is the average
and X1 are the individual values in the subgroup
n is the total values in the subgroup
X = X1 + X2 + X3 + +Xn
n
Range R = Largest value in each Subgroup
Smallest value in each Subgroup
Average R = R1 + R2 + R3 +..+Rn
n
Where R is the average Range
and R1 are the individual Ranges of the subgroups
n is the total number of Subgroups

UCL = X + A2 R
LCL = X A2 R
Use value of A2 based on number of
values in subgroup = n

A2

2
3
4

1.880
1.023
0.729

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

0.577
0.483
0.419
0.373
0.337
0.308
0.285
0.266
0.249
0.235

Subgroup

X1

15.3

14.4

15.3

15.0

15.3

14.9

15.6

14.0

14.0

X2

14.9

15.5

15.1

14.8

16.4

15.3

16.4

15.8

15.2

X3

15.0

14.8

15.3

16.0

17.2

14.9

15.3

16.4

13.6

X4

15.2

15.6

18.5

15.6

15.5

16.5

15.3

16.4

15.0

X5

16.4

14.9

14.9

15.4

15.5

15.1

15.0

15.3

15.0

Averages

15.36

15.04

15.82

15.36

15.98

15.34

15.52

15.58

14.56

Ranges

1.5

1.2

3.6

1.2

1.9

1.6

1.4

2.4

1.6

Grand Average = 15.40

Range Average = 1.82

16.50

16.00

15.50

15.00

14.50

14.00
1

Control Chart used where the Bulk

Sample is the Same
c Chart

UCL = c + 3 c

c = Average Number of Blemishes

A Two Yard sample of fabric was being
observed for blemishes every half an hour in a
factory and the following observations were
recorded . Draw a Control Chart for the same .

LCL = c - 3 c
Sample

Defects

Sample

18

19

20

Defects

Sample

33

34

35

Defects

21 22 23
3

36 37 38
0

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
4

24 25 26 27
3

39 40
3

28 29 30 31

32

Control Chart used where the Bulk

Sample is the Same
c Chart
c = Average Number of Blemishes = Total number of
blemishes / Total number of Samples
= 109 / 40 = 2.725

UCL = c + 3 c

LCL = c - 3 c

= 2.725 + 3 2.725

= 2.725 - 3

= 2.725 + 4.952

= 2.725 - 4.952

= 7.68

= - 2.232

LCL = 0

2.725

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40