EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

Chapter 14: Analyzing Results

 Which Test Do I Use?
 Statistics for Two Group Experiments
 The Chi Square Test
 The t Test
 Analyzing Multiple Groups and Factorial
Experiments
 Analysis of Variance
 Sources of Variability
 A One-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of
Variance
 One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of
Variance
 Analyzing Data from a Between-Subjects
Factorial Experiment
 Two-Way Analysis of Variance
 Repeated Measures and Mixed Factorial
Designs
Summarize the properties of the four
levels of measurement.
A nominal scale assigns items to two or more
distinct categories that can be named using a
shared feature, but does not quantify the items.

Example: you can sort pictures into attractive and

unattractive categories.
Summarize the properties of the four
levels of measurement.
An ordinal scale measures the magnitude of
the DV using ranks.

This scale allows us to make statements about

contestants’ relative speed.

Example: marathon contestants are assigned

to places from first place to last place.
Summarize the properties of the four
levels of measurement.
An interval scale measures the magnitude
of the DV using equal intervals between values with
no absolute zero point.

Example: Fahrenheit or Centigrade temperatures,

and Sarnoff and Zimbardo’s 0-100 scale.
Summarize the properties of the four
levels of measurement.

A ratio scale measures the magnitude of the

DV using equal intervals between values and
an absolute zero.

This scale allows us to state that 2 meters are twice

as long as 1 meter.

Example: distance in meters or time in seconds.

How does the level of measurement
affect the test we use?

Nonparametric tests use nominal or ordinal data.

Parametric tests require interval or ratio data.

When should we use the chi square test?
When the data are nominal and the groups
are independent, which means the experimenter
assigns different subjects to them.
What does it reveal?
The chi square test determines whether the
frequency of sample responses represents the
frequencies we would expect in the population.
Explain the meaning of the obtained (c2 obt)
and critical values, and Cramer’s coefficient
Φ?
The c2 obt is the actual frequency of responses.

The critical value is the minimum value required

to reject the null hypothesis.

Cramer’s coefficient Φ is analogous to r 2 and

indexes the degree of association between priming
and the number of incorrect responses.

If our sample included every member of the population,

we would have the maximum possible degrees of
freedom and would know the exact population values of
the mean and variance.
How do we decide whether to accept or
reject the null hypothesis?
If c2 obt > c2 critical, reject the null hypothesis.
How does sample size affect the t test?
The sample size determines the degrees of
freedom.

There is a different t distribution for each value

of degrees of freedom.
How does the t distribution change as
sample size increases?
The t distribution approaches a normal curve as
sample size increases.
What does robustness mean?
The t test provides a valid test of the hypothesis
when assumptions like normal distribution of
population values are slightly to moderately violated.
When may we reject the null hypothesis?
We reject the null hypothesis when tobt > tcrit.

For 9 df, if tobt > 2.262, we would reject the null

hypothesis.
Calculate an effect size for a t test for
independent groups.
First, we calculate the t statistic (2.47) and then we
enter it into the following formula:
Calculate an effect size for a t test for
independent groups.
An r value of .50 is a large effect.

If we square r , which is .66, this reveals that fun

accounts for 44% of the variance in the subjects’
time estimates.
What is a t test for matched groups?
A t test for matched groups either assigns
the same subjects to both conditions or matches
subjects and then randomly assigns them to either
condition.
What is a t test for matched groups?
A t test for matched groups may use fewer subjects
and achieve greater control over individual
differences than a t test for independent groups.

This makes a t test for matched groups potentially

more powerful.
When do we use an analysis of variance?
We use an analysis of variance when data are
interval or ratio level and there is at least one
independent variable with three or more levels.
What are within-groups variability and
between-groups variability?
Within-groups variability is the degree to which
the scores of subjects in the same treatment group
differ from each other.

Between-groups variability is the degree to which

the scores of different treatment groups differ from
one another or the grand mean.
What are the sources of within-groups
variability and between-groups
variability?
Within-groups variability consists of error due to
individual differences and extraneous variables.

Between-groups variability consists of error due

to individual differences and extraneous variables
and treatment effects.
What does it mean when an F ratio is
statistically significant?
Across all group means, there is a significant
difference due to the independent variable.
When may you reject the null hypothesis?
When F obtained > F critical
When is a post hoc test appropriate?
When an overall ANOVA is significant and you have
made no specific predictions, you may perform
post hoc tests on all pairs of treatment groups.
How many comparisons may we perform?
You may perform all possible pairwise comparisons
without increasing the risk of Type 1 error.
When may we use an a priori test?
We may use a priori tests to test predictions
of differences between groups, such as between
two groups or between one group
and the others.

The maximum number of comparisons = p – 1,

where p is the number of treatment groups.
What is the advantage of an a priori test
over a post hoc test?
A priori tests are more powerful than post hoc tests;
but you may perform fewer a priori tests.
Effect size
Effect size measured by η2 is the proportion of the
variability in the dependent variable that can be
accounted for by the independent variable.

η2 indexes the strength of the relationship between

the independent and dependent variables.
 END
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