Compare Means

1. Mean :

 What it does: The Means procedure calculates subgroup means and related univariate
statistics for dependent variables within categories of one or more independent variables.
Optionally, you can obtain a one-way analysis of variance, eta, and tests for linearity

 Where to find: Under the Analyze menu, choose Compare Means then Mean : Move
Dependent variable to dependent list and independent variable (s) to independent List
followed by layer (optional).

 ANOVA and Linearity test: Researcher can obtained ANOVA and Linearity statistics
by Hitting the options tab and check the above the measures. In the output these statistics
can be found at the end with the name “Measures of associations” .

 R Squared: it is goodness –of –fit measures of the linear model some time called co-
efficient of determinations. Small value indicates that model does not fit the data well.

 Eta: A measure of associations that range from 0 to 1, while 0 indicating no associations

between the variables and 1 indicates high associations between the variables.

 R: The correlation coefficient between the observed and predicated values of the
dependent variables. It values range from 0 to 1. O indicates there is no or little linear
relationship among the variables.

2. One Sample T- test :

 What it does: The One-Sample T Test compares the mean score of a sample to a known
value. Usually, the known value is a population mean.
 Where to find it: Under the Analyze menu, choose Compare Means, then One-Sample T
Test. Move the dependent variable into the "Test Variables" box. Type in the value you
wish to compare your sample to in the box called "Test Value.
 Assumption: The dependent variable is normally distributed. You can check for normal
distribution through explore command
 Hypotheses: Null: There is no significant difference between the sample mean and the
population mean.
 Decisions: if P Value is less than critical value, reject Ho, Otherwise do, not reject.

3. Independent Sample T-Test

 What it does: The Independent Samples T Test compares the mean scores of two groups
on a given variable.
 Where to find it: Under the Analyze menu, choose Compare Means, the Independent
Samples T Test. Move your dependent variable into the box marked "Test Variable."
Move your independent variable into the box marked "Grouping Variable." Click on the
box marked "Define Groups" and specify the value labels of the two groups you wish to
compare
  Assumptions:
-The dependent variable is normally distributed. You can check for normal distribution
with a levene Statistics
 -The two groups have approximately equal variance on the dependent variable. You can
check this by looking at the Levene's Test. See below.
-The two groups are independent of one another.
 Hypotheses: Null: The means of the two groups are not significantly different.
 Decision: Finally, we see the results of the Independent Samples T Test. Read the
TOP line if the variances are approximately equal. Read the BOTTOM line if the
variances are not equal and decides on the bases of P value. If P Value less than
0.05 reject Ho, Otherwise do not reject.

4. Paired Sample T test:

 What it does: The Paired Samples T -Test compares the means of two variables. It
computes the difference between the two variables for each case, and tests to see if the
average difference is significantly different from zero
 For Example: We compared the mean test scores before (pre-test) and after
(post-test) the subjects completed a test preparation course. We want to see if our
test preparation course improved people's score on the test.
 Where to find it: Under the Analyze menu, choose Compare Means, and then choose
Paired Samples T Test. Click on both variables you wish to compare, and then move the
pair of selected variables into the Paired Variables box.
 Assumption: Both variables should be normally distributed. You can check for normal
distribution with a Q-Q plot.
 Hypothesis: Null: There is no significant difference between the means of the
two variables.
 Decision: If the significance value is less than .05, there is a significant
difference. If the significance value is greater than. 05, there is no significant
difference.
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5. One Way ANOVA :

 What it does: The One-Way ANOVA compares the mean of one or more groups based
on one independent variable (or factor).
 Where to find it: Under the Analyze menu, choose Compare Means, and then choose
One-Way ANOVA. Move all dependent variables into the box labeled "Dependent List,"
and move the independent variable into the box labeled "Factor." Click on the button
labeled "Options," and check off the boxes for Descriptive and Homogeneity of Variance.
Click on the box marked "Post Hoc" and choose the appropriate post hoc comparison.

 Generally, you can follow this rule:

o If there are equal numbers of cases in each group, choose Tukey

Tukey a (also known as Tukey’sHSD). Tukey’s test calculates a new critical
value that can be used to evaluate whether differences between any two pairs of
means are significant.
o If there are not equal numbers of cases in each group, choose Bonferroni,
o Brown-Forsythe’s post hoc procedure is a modification of the Scheffe test for
situations with heterogeneity of variance.
o If you are face problem to heterogeneity of variance one can use Scheffe’s.

o Scheffe’s procedure is the most popular due to its conservatism; it is actually

wasteful of statistical power and likely to lead to Type II errors unless complex
comparisons are being made.
o Duncan’s Multiple Range test and the Newman-Keuls test provide different
critical difference values for particular comparisons of means depending on how
adjacent the means are.
o Dunnet : The Dunnet test is similar to the Tukey test but is used only if a set of
comparisons are being made to one particular group.
o Games-Howell. This test is used with variances are unequal

Assumptions:
 The dependent variable(s) is normally distributed. You can check for normal
distribution with a Q-Q plot.
 The two groups have approximately equal variance on the dependent
variable. You can check this by looking at the Levene's Test. 
Hypotheses: Null: There are no significant differences between the groups' mean
scores.
o Decision: If the significance value is less than .05, there is a significant
difference. If the significance value is greater than. 05, there is no
significant difference.