Ent256 2015 Ln-1a1

Dr.
Marwan Affandi 2015
MACHINE DESIGN

ENT 256/4
MARWAN AFFANDI
SCHOOL OF MECHATRONICS
UNIMAP
Email: marwan@unimap.edu.my
Telp: 9885234
Hp: 0124225604
Dr. Marwan Affandi 2015
TEACHING PLAN
WEEK 1 and 2:
Introduction To Design Process
Discussion on the short history of
technology.
Description of Design process.
Discussion on Design product.
Analysis of Design considerations and
Design phases.
Content
Introduction to
Design Process
Design Product
Mechanical Engineering
Design
Design Considerations
Phases in Design
Designer Responsibilities
INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS
What is design?
Design can be a verb, a noun, or an
adjective.
If we look at dictionaries, definitions
given for the word design may be
different.
For example, Oxford Advanced
Learners Dictionary gives definition as
follows:
(verb): design: to decide how
something will look, work, etc.
Affandi 2015 plans or making
especially byDr. Marwan
drawing
To design a car, an aircraft, a book

cover, a bridge etc.: The student is
asked to design a small aircraft by his
lecturer.
(noun) design: a drawing or plan from
which something may be made.
Designs for aircraft, hand tools,
pistons, heat exchangers, dies, etc.:
The student is asked to draw a design
of an aircraft by his lecturer.
Merriam-Websters online dictionary

gives the following definition:
Design: to create, fashion, execute, or
construct according to plan.
We can see that definitions given by
these two dictionaries are more or less
the same.
The word design can also used as an
adjective: The hand tool is a design
product.
Wikipedia gives another definition:

Design is the creation of a plan or
convention for the construction of an
object or a system (as in architetural
blueprints, engineering drawing,
business process, circuit diagrams and
sewing patterns.
Design has different connotations in
different fields so design in pottery
may not have a similar connotation as
design in robotics.
(noun) a specification of an object,

manifested by an agent, intended to
accomplish goals, in a particular
environment, using a set of primitive
components, satisfying a set of
requirements, subject to constraints;
(verb, transitive) to create a design, in
an environment (where the designer
operates).
Broadly speaking, almost every one

has become a designer; he or she has
at least designed something in his or
her life.
Just remember that when were still
children, we as boys played catapults
to hit birds or fruits or as girls we
played dolls with their home-made
accessories.
A catapult could be bought cheaply in
a grocery but we often made our own
ones.
It aroused happiness when we could

made the catapults by using our own
efforts.
We just needed a Y-shaped small
branch cut from a shrub or a tree.
After cutting the branch according to
our need, we put a band of rubber
taken from an old tire to each arm of
the branch.
We then connected the bands with a
small sheet of leather, about 8 cm 6
cm.
After we finished making the catapult,

we tested it by stretching the rubber
several times and trying to hit an
object not so far.
After we felt satisfied with our work,
we used it to hit a bird or our
neighbors mango.
Even the example above may look
quite simple, we actually had followed
certain procedures or steps to
accomplished our design; we will go
back to these
later.
To design is either to formulate a plan

for the satisfaction of a specified need
or to solve a problem.
Design is an innovative and highly
iterative process.
It is very rare that a product can be
developed instantly unless it is just
replicated from another.
Design is also a decision making
process.
Designing is an activity directed

toward an anticipated future goal.
An optimal product must be delivered
in good time and at acceptable cost.
Creativity requires open mindedness.
Students cannot become creative if
they just follow what is instructed to
them; they should offer their own
opinion freely.
It is important that we nurture our
creativity continuously in order not to
Creativity!
What does this mean?
Why must you be creative?
How can we become creative?

How can we nurture our creativity?
Now, maybe you have understood a

little what design is.
What you need are idea, creative
thinking to create something which
should be useful.
If you are creative enough, you may
find that many things around can be
utilized to produce something useful.
Even wasted materials are still useful.
Say that you have finished eating a
can of snacks. What will you do with
the can?
Most of us will throw away the can.

Right?
However, some people will keep the
can to make useful products such as
for a piggy bank, a flower vase or a toy
car.
Others can create beautiful ornaments
from used milk tins, coconut shells, old
pistons, od discs, etc.
You can grow your creativity by looking
at your surrounding, look at what other
people haveDr.done
to2015utilize wasted
Marwan Affandi
Some people are just happy with their

obsolete designs; few others are
aggressive to go ahead with their
unusual designs.
Look at the picture in the following
pages. They are biped walking and
running robots designed in Technische
Universitt Mnchen, Waseda
University and Honda, respectively.
We may wonder why people are
interested in making them.
What attracted people to spend a lot

of money and time to build something
which may not be so useful to our life?
Answering this question is difficult
because every one will have different
opinion regarding the issue.
However, we feel certain that while
some robots are only just for fun,
others are very useful to help people
such as in hazardous working areas.
Figure 1 Two bipedal humanoid

robots: Johny (left) and Lola
(right)
From Zimmermann,
Zeiding, and Behn (2009)
Figure 2 Wabian-2R (Waseda University) and

ASIMO humanoid robot (Honda)
From Chevallereau et al., (2009)
Figs. 1 and 2 show humanoid robots,

robots which look like humans and can
perform a humans tasks such as
shaking hands, handling a bottle and
dancing.
Designing a humanoid robot is very
difficult; a lot of interdisciplinary
knowledge are needed, among others:
Robotics
Electrics

Electronics
Kinematics and dynamics
Fluid mechanics
Material science
Biomechanics
Machine vision
A humanoid robot is quite expensive; it
is not unusual to cost it more than US$
100,000.
Nowadays, almost everyone has one

or more handphones; the price varies,
depends on the quality and the feature
of the handphones.
While most people are just quite happy
to own handphones which cost around
US$ 200, others need more pricey,
exclusive ones that not everyone can
buy.
In February 2013 Vertu, a luxurious

handphone maker
has just released a
new type which costs
US$ 10,000; see Fig. 3.
Other product cost US$
22,100 and 14,100.
Figure 3 A Vertu handphones
This is another example of creativity.

Design Product
Requirements:
Functional
Safe
Reliable
Competitive
Usable
Manufacturable
Marketable
Figure 4 A baloon advertisement
This will be valid regardless

of who build it or use it.
Dr. Marwan
AffandiAffandi
2015 2010
Dr. Marwan
Design Product
Observe the balloon in Fig. 4.

Do you think that it has fulfilled the
requirements for a good design
product?
Think several good products that you
have seen or known around you and
discuss them in your group.
Write a short report on a good
product that you know.
Design Product
Figure 5 Robot fuel filling station

From Wolf, Steinmann, and Schunk (2002)
Design Product
The picture in Fig. 5 shows a robot for

refuelling a car.
Can you describe how it works?
Do you think that it has fulfilled the
requirements for a good design
product?
Do you think it is practical for us?
Consider various aspects that you
may feel important regarding this
robot.
Case study
The best design is one which is

simple but useful when it is
implemented into a product.
A design can be complicated but the
simpler one is better.
Bread clip, paper clip, and squeeze
ketchup container are examples of
simple designs that every one knows.
Looking at those product, we may
wonder why just those simple
designs are very useful to our life.
Case study
Bread clip (bread tab, bread crimp,

bread tie) or its brand name Kwik Lok
is used to close a plastic bag for
holding bread or any other food
products.
When the bag has been opened, it
can be easily reclosed by just
clipping the clip.
Apart from clipping the bag,
information on the price of the
product and
its Affandi
expiry
date can be
Dr. Marwan
2015
Case study
The bread clip was invented by Flyod

G. Paxton in 1952.
The company where he worked
produced equipment used for nailing
wooden crates.
Since sales were expected to
decrease, the company needed a
new product that would be
commercially viable.
While flying on an airliner, Paxton
opened a bag
of peanuts and
Case study
From his wallet he found an expired

credit card and hand-carved his first
bag clip with his small pen knife.
When a fruit packer, Pacific Fruit,
wanted to replace rubber bands with
a better bag closure for its new
plastic bags, Paxton remembered his
bag of peanuts.
He hand-whittled another clip from a
small sheet of plexiglas.
He then designed and constructed a
manual machine to manufacture the
Case study
Later, a high-speed die punching

machine was developed, enabled the
clips to be mass produced.
Nowadays, the clips are
manufactured by the Kwik Lok
Corporation based in Yakma,
Washington with manufacturing
plants in Yakima and New Haven,
Indiana.
As far as Kwik Lok is concerned, both
their corporation
and
the bread clips
Dr. Marwan Affandi
2015
Case study
A paper clip is usually a thin wire in a

looped shape made from steel, some
other metal or plastic.
The clip has the elasticity and
strength of the materials of its
construction to compress and
therefore holds together two or more
pieces of paper by means of torsion
and friction.
The inventor of the first paper clip
was accredited
to 2015
Johan Vaaler from
Dr. Marwan Affandi
Case study
Case study
However, the first patent for a bent

wire paper clip was awarded in the
United States to Samuel B. Fay, in
1867.
This clip was originally intended
primarily for attaching tickets to
fabric, although the patent
recognized that it could be used to
attach papers together.
Vaaler probably did not know that a
better product
already on the
Dr. Marwanwas
Affandi 2015
Case study
His version was never manufactured

and never marketed, because the
superior Gem (earlier paper clip) was
already available.
His design was obviously impractical.
Without the two full loops of the fully
developed paper clip, it was difficult
to insert sheets of paper into his clip;
see the illustration in the following
slide.
Case study
However, the myth that he was the

inventor of paper clips found its way
into history of technology and much
of the international literature on
paper clips.
Figure 6 A paper clip by Vaaler

Case study
To recognize its
importance,
a giant paper
clip was built
in Sandvika,
Norway.
Figure 7 A giant paper clip in Sandvika
Case study
Ketchup and tomato sauce can be

stored in glass bottles.
However, pouring the content of the
bottle is often uneasy particularly
when the sauce or the ketchup is
very thick.
The high viscosity of the liquid or
semi solid-liquid makes it difficult to
flow.
Here comes the invention of a
squeeze ketchup
container.
Dr. Marwan Affandi
2015
Case study
While it is not glamorous, the design

is superbly ergonomic.
The compliant wall is just the right
thickness to make squeezing
effortless.
Since the wall is translucent, the user
can see how much ketchup is left
inside.
Its small pointed spout will dispense
the content exactly where it is
needed.
If the content
is not much left, just
Case study
Almost similar to the squeeze

kecthup container are shampoo
containers and tooth paste tubes.
They can be easily squezeed to let
their contents flow out.
Concerning with the pasta tube, is
there any solution to let all the
content out? Somehow it is quite
difficult to squeeze the tube when
the tube is alost empty.
Mechanical Engineering Design
Mechanical engineering design

involves all the disciplines of
mechanical engineering
As an example, a simple journal
bearing involves fluid flow, energy
transport, heat transfer, friction,
material selection,
thermomechanical
treatments,
statistical descriptions
What does this means?Figure 8 A journal bearing
A journal bearing is mounted on a

shaft. To reduce friction between the
bearing and the shaft, the bearings
surface must be lubricated.
The lubricant also absorbs heat
dissipated due to the friction that
takes place. Here, there is energy
transport to the lubricant.
The bearing must endure high
pressure exerted by the shaft. The
material of the bearing must be hard
enough to ensure long term
application.
Here, the bearings material must be

treated thermomechanically before it
can be used. Experiments are
conducted extensively; results are
analyzed statistically.
Feedbacks from experiments are
used to manufacture the bearings
that they will perform well when they
are being used.
Here, we can see that various
disciplines of mechanical engineering
are involved.
Figure 9 Cross section of an engine

Figure 10 Front picture of a boiler burner

Figure 12 Boeing V76 tilt wing research rotorcratf

From Seddon and Newman (2002)
Robotic Design
Figure 13 Left: HUBO; Right: Schematics of joints and links

From Park et al. (2007)
Robotic Design
a)
b)
c)
d)
Figure 14 3D actuated arced feet walkers: a) Cornell

biped, b) Toddler (MIT), c) Pneu-man (Osaka Univ.),
d) Denise (Delft Univ.) From Hobbelen and Wisse
(2007)
Robotic Design
QRIO stands for
quest for curiosity.
It was developed
by Sony in 2003.
QRIO was the
successor of AIBO,
a commercial
robotic dog.
Figure 15 QRIO in a dance act
From Vanderborght (2010)
Robotic Design
Figure 16 HRP-2 playing

the drum
From Vanderborght (2010)
HRP stands for

Humanoid Robotic
Project. It was
developed by Kawada
Industries. Various
research institutes and
universities are
currently using the
HRP-2. HRP-2 can be
leased for 400,000
euros for 4 years.
Robotic Design
a)
b)
c)
Figure 17 Humanlike robots: a) Robovie II, b)

Android Repliee Q2, c) Geminoid HI-1 and its
human source From Nishio, Ishiguro and Hagita
(2010)

Ent256 2015 Ln-1a1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ent256 2015 Ln-1a1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dr.

Marwan Affandi 2015

Dr. Marwan Affandi 2015

Dr. Marwan Affandi 2015

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

To design a car, an aircraft, a book

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

Merriam-Websters online dictionary

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

Wikipedia gives another definition:

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

(noun) a specification of an object,

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

Dr. Marwan Affandi 2015

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

Broadly speaking, almost every one

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

It aroused happiness when we could

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

After we finished making the catapult,

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

To design is either to formulate a plan

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

Designing is an activity directed

How can we become creative?

Dr. Marwan Affandi 2015

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

Now, maybe you have understood a

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

Most of us will throw away the can.

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

Dr. Marwan Affandi 2015

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

Some people are just happy with their

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

What attracted people to spend a lot

Figure 1 Two bipedal humanoid

Dr. Marwan Affandi 2015

Figure 2 Wabian-2R (Waseda University) and

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

Figs. 1 and 2 show humanoid robots,

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

Dr. Marwan Affandi 2015

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

Nowadays, almost everyone has one

Dr. Marwan Affandi 2015

INTRO TO DESIGN PROCESS

In February 2013 Vertu, a luxurious

This is another example of creativity.

Figure 4 A baloon advertisement

This will be valid regardless

Observe the balloon in Fig. 4.

Figure 5 Robot fuel filling station

The picture in Fig. 5 shows a robot for

The best design is one which is

Bread clip (bread tab, bread crimp,

The bread clip was invented by Flyod

From his wallet he found an expired

Later, a high-speed die punching

A paper clip is usually a thin wire in a

Dr. Marwan Affandi 2015

However, the first patent for a bent