BIT205- Programming in C++

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Introduction
Prepared by: Ms Seetha

Introduction to C++

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Objectives
The

history and evolution of C++.

The basic features of the C++ language.
The use of some basic C++ features.

Introduction to C++

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C++

was developed by Bjagne Stroustrup at

AT&T in early 1980s.

C++

is based on C and it retains much of that

language, including a rich operator set.

C++

is a highly portable language, and

translators for it exist on many different
machines and systems.

C++

compilers are highly compatible with the

existing C programs because maintaining such
compatibility was a design objective.

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Programming in C++ does not require a graphics

environment, and C++ programs do not incur runtime
expense from type checking or garbage collection.
C++ has improved on C in significant ways, especially in
supporting strong typing.
The class syntax was added to the language which was
an extension of the struct construct in C.
C++ is superior than C in supporting object-oriented
programming. C++ may even replace C in becoming a
general purpose programming language

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The First C++ Program

#include <iostream.h>

Preprocessor directives

Indicates comment
//this outputs hello world to the
//terminal
using namespace std;
int main( )
{
cout << hello world << endl;
return 0;
}

Main
function

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#include <iostream.h>
using namespace std;
int square(int); //function prototype
float average(int,int); //function prototype
int main(){
int firstNumber,secondNumber; //local variable declaration
cout<<endl;
cout <<Enter an integer between 1 and 200:);
cin >>firstNumber;
cout <<Enter a second integer between 1 and 200:);
cin >>secondNumber;
cout << The Square of << firstNumber << is << square(firstNumber) <<
\n;
cout << The Square of << secondNumber << is <<
square(secondNumber) << \n;
return 0;
}

Introduction to C++
int square (int inNumber){
int squaredResult;
squaredresult = inNumber *inNumber;
return(squaredResult);
}
float average (int first, int second){
return((first + second) / 2.0);
}

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Function
definition

Function
definition

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White Space

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It is typically used to separate different words in a program.

White space consists of one or more space, tab and newline.
The judicious use of white space can make your programs
much more readable.

Comments

// and /*....*/ comments in C could be used for representing

remarks.
Everything on the program line to the right of the //
characters (until end of line) is ignored and removed by the
preprocessors.

Example : //local variable declaration

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The second form C++ comments begins with the characters /*

and ends with */. Such comments can span one or more lines

Example :
/* This is a multiline comment. It can span several lines */

Generally, C++ programmers use the // style of comment

Include Directives

# indicates a preprocessor directive

preprocessor is a progam that runs before the compiler
#include is called the include directive. It instructs the
preprocessor to copy the contents of the specified file into the
program. In this example the specified file is iostream.h

Introduction to C++

The left and right angle (<,>) surrounding the file name indicates
that this is a system file found in a special directory.
iostream.h is a standard library file which C++ uses to perform I/O

Function prototype

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Functions are used in programs to modularize the codes.

The function prototype tells the compiler what is the name of the
function and the arguments that is accepted by the function

Main Function

A program can only have one main function.

Execution of a program starts in the main function

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Using namespace std

Tells

the compiler that all names that are

used in the program belong to the standard
name space
Large programs, possible to have same
names to denote different things, to avoid
conflict, separate name spaces are created

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Keywords

Words that are reserved as part of the language, and they

cannot be used by the programmer to name things

Example :

break main char

float double if
......

int
else

Identifiers

Identifiers are names that defined and given meaning to by the

programmer
Example :
firstNumber secondNumberinNumber
first second

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C++ identifiers are a sequence of letters, digits and

underscores ( _ ) that MUST begin with a letter or an
underscore.
C++ is case sensitive. It distinguishes between
uppercase and lowercase characters.
Programmers should be careful in defining identifiers.
They should, as far as possible, be meaningful but
short.
Variables(objects) must be defined before they can be
used.
Variable(objects) definition :

datatype Id1,Id2,.,Idn;

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Example :
int firstNumber,secondNumber;
float TaxRate =0.06f;
char letter = a;
Variables are declared either just before it is used or
at the start of the main part of the program.

Integer

data types

int
whole numbers for example :

1, 5, 103, 8945

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Charater

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data types

char
character (usually in ASCII or EBCDIC)
A, B, f, m.. Each character must be defined in
single quotation marks.
a < b < z
A < B < ..Z and
0 < 1 < ..9
Therefore a+ 1 yields b, C+ 1 yields D and so on

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Floating-point data types

float, double
floating point number or number with decimal or fractional
components. For example, 1.23, 3.14

Example of variable definitions :

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int i;
float x, y;
char c;
double db1;

Type modifiers

Are basically used to extend the basic data types. These are
generally used to change the amount of storage used for any
given type.

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These modifiers are :

short, long - may allow a larger or smaller internal

representation
short(8 bits) < int(16 bits) < long(32 bits)
double(64 bits) < long double(128 bits)

Modifiers which are allowed :

short int
long int
long double
signed, unsigned - controls whether or not a sign bit is kept.
Example :
unsigned long int x;

Constants

Integer constants

just write an integer numbers constant Example : 23 45 56 98

C++ supports writing constants in base 8 and base 16

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Type
Name

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Memory Size Range

Used

short
2 bytes
(also called
short int)
int
4 bytes

-32,767
to
32,767
-2,147,483,647
to
2,147,483,647
-2,147,483,647
to
2,147,483,647
Approximately
-38
38
10
to 10

long
(also called
long int)
float

4 bytes

double

8 bytes

Approximately
-308
308
10
to 10

long
double

10 bytes

Approximately
-4932
4932
10
to 10

4 bytes

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Constant integers in base 8 begins with a leading zero.

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Example : 023 010 045

Constant integers in base 16 begins with 0x or 0X

Example : 0x23 0xFF 0XA9

Character

Constants

Several characters have names that use a back slash

notation which is useful when you want to embed one of
these characters within a literal character string.
Some examples

Constants
\n
\t
\
\
\\
\a
\?

Name
New Line
Tab
Single quotation mark
Double quotation mark
Backslash
alert or bell
Question mark

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Example
cout<<Hello world\n<<Its me!!;
cout<<Hello world<<\n<<Its me !!;

Floating-point

constants

For floating point constants the type is always double

unless specified otherwise
The letters f or F specify that the constant is to be type
float while the letters l or L specify that the constant is to
be of long double
Example : 23.4f 0.21L 45.3F 456.l
C++ also provides the ability to express floating-point
constants using scientific notation.(e or E)
Example :1.23E10 0.32e-4 45.e+23 23.68E12

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C++ is a block structured language.

Blocks are defined as: { }
Blocks are generally used when there are more than one
instructions to be executed at a point of condition checking.
A variable defined within a block has a scope extending from the
point of declaration to the end of the block.
#include ...
All the statements
...
in this program file
int num;
can access num and fl
float fl;
(global variables)
.
int main(){
}
int func1(){
}

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These variables declared above are global, their definition is valid

from their definition to the end of the source file.
Variables are ONLY created when the block they are defined in is
executed.
As soon as the end of the block is reached the variables are
destroyed.
Example :

void main(){
int x;
double fl;
}

Variable x and fl
are recognised only
within this block

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Example 1 : This program does not compile.Why??

#include <iostream.h>
int main( )
{
int one;
{int two;}
one = two;
return 0;
}

Example 2 : This program compiles, but does not run correctly.

#include <iostream.h>
Why??
int one;
int main( )
{

do{
int one;
cout << Enter number:;
cin >> one;
}while (one ! = 0);
cout << one << end;
return 0;
}

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Input

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/ Output

I/0 is accomplished by the use of an I/0 operator, output operator

<< and input operator >>.

Example of Output :
cout<<this
message<<aNumber<<more
text<<anotherNumber<<endl;

Example of Input :
cin>>firstInteger>>firstReal>>secondInteger;

Streams

A stream is an ordered collection of bytes. Programs typically

process one or more input streams or produce one or more
output streams.

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Manipulators

Manipulators are used to temporarily change the state of a

stream. This is how we format our output.
cout is the C++ alternative to the printf ( ) library call.

It is an object and requires the iostream.h header file.

The << operator (called the insertion operator) follows the cout
object. The item to be displayed follows the << operator.

If other items are to be displayed, use another << operator followed

by the next item to be displayed.This continues until all items are
listed.

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endl is a manipulator for cout.

The endl manipulator prints a newline character and then

flushes the standard output buffer.

Example : cout<<C++<<is a language;

cout<<endl;

cin

is used to read from standard input (stdin) i.e.

your keyboard
It is an object and requires the iostream.h header
file.
The >> operator (extraction operator) is used.

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The right hand operand of the >> operator determines

the type of data to be read from the stdin.
Reading STOPS when the input no longer matches the
type being sought. White space is not read.
If the data type in the input stream does not match the
data type requested, the input stream is marked with an
error flag and data is not transferred.
Example:
setw (int) - set field width (smaller fields will be padded)

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setiosflags using the ios::fixed flag ensures that the output is

displayed in conventional format i.e. fixed point rather than the
exponential mode

setprecision (int)
for fixed and scientific mode, the precision value is the number
of places after the decimal
for automatic mode, the precision value is the preferred
number of digits to be displayed

#include <iostream.h>
#include <iomanip.h>
void main( )
{ float pi = 3.1415f;
cout <<setw(10) <<setiosflags::fixed<< setprecision(3) << pi << endl; }

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Expression

An expression is something that can be evaluated.

The simplest form is an arithmetic expression.
Arithmetic only works on numerical variables. (int, double,
float)
C++ binary arithmetic operators are:
+
*
/
%

addition
subtraction
multiplication
division
modulus (remainder)

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Precedence

The compiler resolves ambiguity by assigning a

precedence to each operator.
In C++, this precedence is (from high to low):

()
unary ( + )
*
/
+-

unary ( - )
%

Assignment

One way to change the value of a variable is by

assignment.
The assignment operator in C++ is =.

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Everything to the left of = is called a L-value. This will

normally be a variable name.
Everything to the right of = is called a R-value.
Normally both the variable and expression will be of the
same type.
Example

double pi=3.14, radius=2.0, Area;

Area = pi *radius*radius;

Mixed mode is allowed but use it with discretion.

Example

long int op int

//int will be converted long int
float op double //float will be converted to double
float op int
//int will be converted to float
int op double
//int will be converted to double

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C++ allows simple assignment statements as well as

compound assignment
Example of simple assignment :
m=3;

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Example of compund assignment :

m=n=p=10;
x= y=z+2;
(assigning starts from right to left)

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Example of expression used:

//Compute the area and circumference of circle given radius

int main() {
cout<< Circle radius (real number) \? <<flush;
float radius;
cin>> radius;
cout<< Area of circle with radius <<radius<< is <<
(3.1415*radius*radius) <<endl;
cout << Circumference is << 3.1415 * 2 * radius <<endl;
return 0;
}

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Abrreviated assignment Operators

l-value = l-value op (exp)
l-value op = exp

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Example
x=x+y
can be abbreviated to x+=y

#include <iostream.h>
int main(){
int i=5;
int k=2;
i/=k;
cout<< i is << i << endl;
int j=20;
j*=k;
cout<< j is <<j<<endl;

What is the
output??

int m=15;
m%=4;
cout<< m is << m<<endl;
return 0;
}

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C++

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has incremental and decremental operators

x++
++x
x---x

Example

postfix -use x then increase x by 1

infix - increase x by 1 then use x
postfix -use x then decrease x by 1
infix - decrease x then use x

: What is the output??

int i = 4;
int j = 5;
int k = j * ++i;
cout<< k is << k , is << i << endl;

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Typing

The type of a variable will determine the operations that can be performed
upon it.
There are operations that are sensitive to the type declared.
For example / which is the division operator would produce different
results if the operands are integers or if they are float.

Example :
5000 * (15000/5280.0) will produce a
different output to
5000 * (15000/5280)

So be careful with the choice type.

Sometimes, logical errors could be caused by these and are easily
overlooked.

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Constant

Definition

Constant definition tell the compiler that the object can no longer
be modified once it has been assigned its initial value.

Constant definition has the form :

const datatype identifier=expression;

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Example :
const float PI=3.1415f;
const float speedoflight=186000f;

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EXERCISES

Write a program to evaluate the fuel consumption of a car. The mileage at the start and end of the
journey should be read, and also the fuel level in the tank at the start and end of the journey.
Calculate fuel used, miles travelled, and hence the overall fuel consumption in miles traveled per
gallon of fuel.
In many countries using the metric system, car fuel consumptions are measured in litres of fuel
required to travel 100 kilometres. Modify your solution to question 1 so that the output now
specifies the distance travelled in kilometres as well as in miles, and the fuel consumed in litres as
well as in gallons, and the consumption in litres per 100 kilometres as well as in miles per gallon.
Use const for the conversion factors between miles and kilometres, and gallons and litres.
If three integers a, b and c are such that a^2+b^2=c^2 then they constitute a Pythagorean triple.
There is an infinite number of such triples. One way of generating them is as follows:
Consider two integers m, and n, such that m>n then the three numbers m^2-n^2, 2mn and
m^2+n^2 are a Pythagorean triple. Write a C++ program that reads values for m and n and prints
the values of the corresponding Pythagorean triple.