PRESENT

PERFECT

FORMULA

POSITIVE SENTENCE
S + has/have + V-3 + Complement

For examples:
The client has taken his last pill.
I have gone to the maternity clinic five times.
The man has liked to wear a condom since he
attended the seminar about the sex dangers.

FORMULA

NEGATIVE SENTENCE
S + has/have + not + V-3 +
Complement

For examples:
The client hasnt taken his last pill.
I havent gone to the maternity clinic
five times.
The man hasnt liked to have sex
without a condom since he attended
the seminar about sex dangers.

FORMULA
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
Has/have + S + V-3 + Complement
For examples:
Has the client taken his last pill?
Have you gone to the maternity clinic five
times?
Has the man liked to wear a condom since
he attended the seminar about sex dangers.

FUNCTIONS
1. Something that has happened (or never
happened) at an unspecific time in the
past.
Jimmy has called Dr. Kane.

Nurse Rosemary has saved the patients life by

giving CPR.
Two patients with a chronic cancer of the uterus
have died in this hospital.

FUNCTIONS
2. A repetition of activity in the past.

The old woman has pressed the call

button ten times in the last two hours.
Mr. Sandy has rushed his wife to the
nearest hospital three times.
Dr. Bryce and his assistants have done
major operation hundred times.

FUNCTIONS
3. A situation that began and
continues to the present. With this
function, since and for are used.
The old woman has been in this

hospital for two weeks.

Mr. Sandy has liked to wear a mask
while riding his motorbike since he was
young.

SINCE and FOR

SINCE

: the particular time

SINCE tells the time when something
happened.

FOR

: the duration of time

FOR tells about the time length when
something began in the past and
continues to the present.

RULES
Predicate

form : Verb-3

Auxiliary:

Has
= for single subjects
Have
= for plural subjects and I & you
The auxiliaries (has and have) are needed in all
kinds of sentences.
No time expressions are really needed for the first
and second function because they are not
interested in talking about the time when the action
happened.

PRESENT PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE

FORMULA
POSITIVE SENTENCE

S + has/have + been + V-ing + Complement

For examples:
Dr. Myers has been taking a rest in his room for
two hours.
Nurse Mary has been washing the instruments
since an hour ago.
The patients have been doing breathing
exercise for an hour.

FORMULA
NEGATIVE

SENTENCE

S + has/have + not + been + V-ing + Complement

For examples:
Dr. Myers hasnt been taking a rest in his room
for two hours.
Nurse Mary hasnt been washing the
instruments since an hour ago.
The patients havent been doing breathing
exercise for an hour.

FORMULA
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

Has/have + S + been + V-ing + Complement

For examples:
Has Dr. Myers been taking a rest in his room for two
hours?
Has nurse Mary been washing the instruments since an
hour ago?
Have the patients been doing breathing exercise for an
hour?

FUNCTIONS
A duration of an activity that began in
the past and continues to the present.
With this function, since and for are
used.
We have been studying English for an hour.
The students have been listening to the
lecturers explanation since an hour ago.

RULES
Predicate

form : Verb-ing

Auxiliary:

has been = for single subject

have been = for plural subjects and I
&
you
The

auxiliaries (has & have) + BEEN

are needed in all kinds of sentences to
precede the V-ing.

PAST PERFECT

FORMULA
POSITIVE SENTENCE

S + had + V-3 + Complement

For examples:
Dr. Myers had had his lunch by the time his friend
arrived.
Nurse Mary had washed the instruments by the time the
doctor needed her.
The patients had done breathing exercise by the time the
internist came.

FORMULA

NEGATIVE SENTENCE
S + had + not + V-3 + Complement

For examples:
Dr. Myers hadnt had his lunch by the time
his friend arrived.
Nurse Mary hadnt washed the instruments
by the time the doctor needed her.
The patients hadnt done breathing exercise
by the time the internist came.

FORMULA

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
Had + S + V-3 + Complement

For examples:
Had Dr. Myers had his lunch by the time his friend
arrived?
Had nurse Mary washed the instruments by the time
the doctor needed her?
Had the patients done breathing exercise by the
time the internist came?

FUNCTIONS
An activity that had been finished
when the other action/event occurred
in the past.
We had studied English by the time the

guest
came.
The students had listened to the lecturers
explanation by the time the director arrived.

RULES
Predicate

form : Verb-3

Auxiliary:

had
The

= for all subjects

auxiliary (had) is needed in all

kinds of sentences to precede the V-3.

THANKS
FOR YOUR ATTENTION

PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT