Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Inventory Management
Inventory Costs
Ordering Costs
clerical costs, postage, material handling costs, etc.
setup or changeover cost
# orders/year = D/Q
Annual ordering cost = S(D/Q)
where
Carrying Costs
-- costs incurred to keep items in storage
average inventory level = Q/2
(for basic EOQ model)
Annual carrying cost = C(Q/2)
where C = carrying cost rate ($ per unit per year)
Acquisition Costs
cost to purchase or produce the items
Annual acquisition cost = D(ac)
where
Stockout Costs
estimated per unit cost of a stockout (running
out of items)
extra paperwork, lost sales, late fees, lost
goodwill, etc.
Cost of Capital
Interest paid to bank to borrow money to finance inventory
Example:
8% annual interest rate
60,000 units annual demand
$20 per unitcost
order size = 5000 units
average inventory on hand = 2500 units
How much interest should they expect to pay next year?
Minimum
Total Annual
Stocking Costs
Total
ing
l Stock
a
u
n
n
A
Ann
Costs
ts
Cos
g
n
i
arry
ual C
Annual Orderin
g
EOQ
x
Costs
Q
OP
EDDLT
0
LT
LT
LT
Time
Q
OP
EDDLT
SS
0
LT
LT
LT
Time
EOQ Assumptions
Demand, ordering cost rate, carrying cost rate, unit cost,
and lead time are known constants
An order arrives all at once
No stockouts occur
No safety stock is carried
Total annual inventory cost = ordering + carrying +
acquisition costs
TC = S(D/Q) + C(Q/2) + D(ac)
We want to find the order quantity that results in the
minimum total annual inventory cost.
At the minimum total cost, the slope of the total cost curve
is zero, so the derivative of TC with respect to Q is zero.
TC = S(D/Q) + C(Q/2) + D(ac)
d{TC} SD C
2 00
d{Q}
Q
2
Solve for Q to get:
2DS
Q
C
2
2DS
Q EOQ
C
*
2DS
C
EOQ3.90 =
EOQ3.75 =
EOQ3.65 =
EOQ3.60 =
3.90
3.75
3.65
3.60
Calculate TC for:
TC3.65 =
TC3.60 =
Order Point
Perpetual inventory accounting inventory records are
updated anytime inventory levels change (typically used
with fixed order quantity inventory systems)
Order point the inventory level that triggers an order
Lead time lead time is the amount of time between when a
replenishment order is placed until it is received
Stockout inventory level drops to zero
For most fixed order quantity systems, stockouts can only
occur during the lead time
If demand is constant, set the order point equal to the
expected demand during the lead time
OP = EDDLT
Example#
1&2
3
payoff table
Sues Jewelry
DDLT
3
4
5
6
7
Frequency
4
7
6
2
1
20
Prob.
Service Level
Occurrences
3
4
7
8
9
12
5
48
Prob.
Service Level
Probability
of Stockout
SS = zDDLT
EDDLT
OP
Actual
DDLT
Payoff Table:
Long cost the cost of one unit left over on hand when an
order arrives
Short cost the cost of being one unit short during the lead
time (stockout cost)
4. Each year the Payless Drug Store on Coburg road
places orders for cases of natural Christmas wreaths
and pays $20 for a case of ten wreaths. The sales price
is $5 per wreath. Records for the past 20 orders show
that demand during the lead time has been 6 cases on 2
occasions, 7 cases on 6 occasions, 8 cases on 10
occasions, and 9 cases on 2 occasions. Any wreath left
on hand when a new order arrives will be all dried out
and must be thrown away. What is the long cost and
short cost? What should the order point be? What
service level would this order point provide?
Payoff Table
Long cost =
DDLT
6
7
8
9
Freq.
2
6
10
2
20
Short cost =
Prob.
6
6
OP
7
8
9
Prob:
actual DDLT
7
8
EC
Processing Schedule
Alternative 1: process batch size = 100 units; transfer batch size = 100 units
Machine
batch 1
batch 1
batch 1
3000
batch 1
batch 1
batch 1
0
500
1000
1500
Elapsed Time
(minutes)
2000
2500
3000
Processing Schedule
Alternative 2: process batch size = 100 units; transfer batch size = 50 units
Machine
batch batch
1
2
batch
1
batch
2
batch
1
batch
2
batch
1
batch
1
1750
batch
2
batch
2
batch
1
6
0
500
1000
batch
2
1500
Elapsed Time
(minutes)
2000
2500
3000