MICROBIOLOGY CHAPTER 9 part a

An Introduction to Taxonomy: the Bacteria

Microbiology 130
Roberta Brashear-Kaulfers

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Taxonomy
Taxonomy: the Science of Classification
The science of classifying organisms
Provides universal names for organisms
Provides a reference for identifying organisms
Groupings of organisms
WHY Classify?
Establish criteria for ID
Arrange related organisms into groups
Provide information about evolution of organisms
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Taxonomy
Systematics or phylogeny: The study of the
evolutionary history of organisms.
All Species Inventory is underway (2001-2025)
To identify all species of life on Earth
Linnaeus (1707-1778)Father of modern taxonomy
Created Binomial nomenclature
2 names- Genus-species

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Levels of Classification
Kingdom
Division/Phyta/Phylum
SubPhylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species/Specific Epithet
Subspecies/Strain
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Dichotomous Key- to Identify Bacteria

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Taxonomy
1735

Plant and Animal Kingdoms

1857

Bacteria and fungi put in the Plant Kingdom

1866

Kingdom Protista proposed for bacteria, protozoa,

algae, and fungi

1937

Prokaryote introduced for cells "without a nucleus"

1961

Prokaryote defined as cells in which nucleoplasm is

not surrounded by a nuclear membrane

1959

Kingdom Fungi

1968

Kingdom Prokaryotae proposed

1978

Two types of prokaryotic cells found

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5 Kingdom System or 6 Kingdom System

Kingdom Monera -Prokarya -

Eubacteria - new bacteria

Archaebacteria old bacteria

Kingdom Protista- 1 celled organisms- Eukarya

Kingdom Fungi- multicellular fungi/yeast- Eukarya
Kingdom Plantae- photosynthetic plants- Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia- animals from zygote- Eukarya

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Three-Domain System

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Table 10.1

The Three-Domain System

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 10.1

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Table 10.2

Endosymbiotic Theory

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figures 10.2, 10.3

Scientific Names
of Genus
Source of
Scientific Binomial Source
Name
Specific Epithet
Klebsiella pneumoniae

Honors Edwin Klebs

The disease

Pfiesteria piscicida

Honors Lois Pfiester

Disease in fish

Salmonella typhimurium Honors Daniel Salmon Stupor (typh-) in

mice (muri-)
Streptococcus
pyogenes

Chains of cells
(strepto-)

Forms pus (pyo-)

Penicillium
chrysogenum

Tuftlike (penicill-)

Produces a yellow
(chryso-) pigment

Trypanosoma cruzi

Corkscrew-like
(trypano-, borer;
soma-, body)

Honors Oswaldo
Cruz

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 10.5

Species Definition
Eukaryotic species: A group of closely related
organisms that breed among themselves
Prokaryotic species: A population of cells with similar
characteristics
Clone: Population of cells derived from a single cell
Strain: Genetically different cells within a clone
Viral species: Population of viruses with similar
characteristics that occupies a particular ecological
niche
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Domain Eukarya
Animalia: Multicellular; no cell walls;
chemoheterotrophic
Plantae: Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually
photoautotrophic
Fungi: Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular;
cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal
fragments
Protista: A catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not
fit other kingdoms
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Prokaryotes

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 10.6

The Tree of Life is replaced by a Shrub

Universal ancestor- unlikely
Broke into 2 lines Bacteria and Archae
Still not correct, both share similar genes
Some organisms have genes from all 3 Domains
Shrub of Life theory - lateral gene swapping
Archae made of :
- Methanogens - Extreme halophiles Extreme thermoacidophiles- have extremozymes at 80*
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Classification of Viruses
Acellular infectious agents
DNA and protein coat
Classified by chemical and physical characteristics
Shape, Symmetry of protein coat
Presence of envelope, Enzymes and/or tail,
Virology- study of viruses is important because:
1) recognized branch of Microbiology
2) Concern to health scientists. Many cause diseases
in humans, animals, plants and other microbes
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

References
Bergeys Manual of Determinative
Bacteriology

Morphology, differential
staining, biochemical tests

Provides identification schemes for

identifying bacteria and archaea
Bergeys Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology

Based on rRNA sequencing

Provides phylogenetic information on

bacteria and archaea
Approved Lists of Bacterial Names
Lists species of known prokaryotes

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Based on published articles

Identification Methods
Morphological
characteristics: Useful
for identifying
eukaryotes
Differential staining:
Gram staining, acidfast staining
Biochemical tests:
Determines presence
of bacterial enzymes
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 10.8

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Phage Typing

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Serology

Combine known
antiserum plus
unknown
bacterium
Slide
agglutination
ELISA
Western blot

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings