The z-Transform

Engr. Leah Q. Santos

Faculty, Engg Dept.

Introduction

Why z-Transform?
A generalization of Fourier transform
Why generalize it?

FT

does not converge on all sequence

Notation good for analysis
Bring the power of complex variable theory de
al with the discrete-time signals and systems

z-Transform

Definition

A convenient yet invaluable tool for repres

enting, analyzing,and designing Discrete-ti
me signals and systems.

Mathematically:

The z-transform of sequence x(n) is defined by

X ( z)

x ( n) z

n
Let

z = ej.
j

X (e )

x ( n )e

Fourier
Transform
j n

z-Plane
X ( z)

x ( n) z

z = ej

n
j

X (e )

x ( n )e

Im

j n

Re

Fourier
Fourier Transform
Transform isis to
to evaluate
evaluate z-transform
z-transform
on
on aa unit
unit circle.
circle.

z-Plane
Im

X(z)

z = ej

Re
Im
Re

Periodic Property of FT
X(ej)

X(z)

Im
Re

Can
Canyou
yousay
saywhy
whyFourier
FourierTransform
Transformisis
aaperiodic
periodicfunction
functionwith
withperiod
period2?
2?

Region of Conve
rgence
(ROC)

Definition

The set of all values of Z for which X(z) att

ains a finite values
for 2-sided z-transform

X(z) = x(n)z-n limit: -<n<

ROC
ROC is
is centered
centered on
on origin
origin
and
and consists
consists of
of aa set
set of
of
rings.
rings.

for 1-sided z-transform

X(z) = x(n)z-n limit: 0<n<

Properties of ROC

A ring or disk in the z-plane centered at the origin.

The Fourier Transform of x(n) is converge absolutely if the R
OC includes the unit circle.
The ROC cannot include any poles
Finite Duration Sequences: The ROC is the entire z-plane exce
pt possibly z=0 or z=.
Right sided sequences: The ROC extends outward from the ou
termost finite pole in X(z) to z=.
Left sided sequences: The ROC extends inward from the inner
most nonzero pole in X(z) to z=0.

Example:

Solns:

Important
z-Transform Pairs

Z-Transform Pairs
Sequence

z-Transform

(n)

( n m )

z m

ROC
All z
All z except 0 (if m>0)
or (if m<0)

u (n)

1
1 z 1

| z | 1

u (n 1)

1
1 z 1

| z | 1

a u (n)

1
1 az 1

| z || a |

a n u (n 1)

1
1 az 1

| z || a |

Z-Transform Pairs
Sequence

z-Transform

[cos 0 n]u (n)

1 [cos 0 ]z 1
1 [2 cos 0 ]z 1 z 2

| z | 1

[sin 0 n]u ( n)

[sin 0 ] z 1
1 [2 cos 0 ]z 1 z 2

| z | 1

[r cos 0 n]u (n)

1 [r cos 0 ] z 1
1 [ 2r cos 0 ] z 1 r 2 z 2

| z | r

[r sin 0 n]u (n)

[r sin 0 ]z 1
1 [ 2r cos 0 ]z 1 r 2 z 2

| z | r

1 a N zN
1 az 1

| z | 0

0 n N 1

otherwise

an

ROC

Z-Transform Pairs
Sequence

z-Transform

z-Transform Theore
ms and Properties

Linearity
z Rx

Z[ y (n)] Y ( z ),

z Ry

Z[ax(n) by (n)] aX ( z ) bY ( z ),

Overlay of
the above two
ROCs

Z[ x(n)] X ( z ),

z Rx R y

Shift
Z[ x(n)] X ( z ),

z Rx

Z[ x(n n0 )] z X ( z )
n0

z Rx

Multiplication by an Exponential Seque

nce
Z[ x(n)] X ( z ),

Rx- | z | Rx

Z[a x(n)] X (a z )
n

z | a | Rx

Differentiation of X(z)
Z[ x(n)] X ( z ),

dX ( z )
Z[nx(n)] z
dz

z Rx

z Rx

Conjugation
Z[ x(n)] X ( z ),

Z[ x * (n)] X * ( z*)

z Rx

z Rx

Reversal
Z[ x(n)] X ( z ),

Z[ x(n)] X ( z 1 )

z Rx

z 1 / Rx

Real and Imaginary Parts

Z[ x(n)] X ( z ),

z Rx

Re[ x(n)] 12 [ X ( z ) X * ( z*)]

Im[ x(n)]

1
2j

[ X ( z ) X * ( z*)]

z Rx

z Rx

Initial Value Theorem

x(n) 0,

for n 0

x(0) lim X ( z )
z

Convolution of Sequences
Z[ x(n)] X ( z ),
Z[ y (n)] Y ( z ),

z Rx
z Ry

Z[ x( n) * y (n)] X ( z )Y ( z )

z Rx R y

Convolution of Sequences
x ( n) * y ( n)

x(k ) y (n k )

Z[ x(n) * y (n)]

x(k ) y(n k )z

X ( z )Y ( z )

x(k ) y(n k )

x(k ) z k

n
y
(
n
)
z

Causal System

One which produces an output only when t

here is an input
x(n) is zero before time 0.
x(n)=0 n<0
x(n)
0<n<
for one sided z-transform

Properties:

More on Rational z-Transform

Consider the rational z-transform
with the pole pattern:
Im

Find
Find the
the possible
possible
ROCs
ROCs

a b

Re

More on Rational z-Transform

Consider the rational z-transform
with the pole pattern:
Im
Case 1: A right sided Sequence.
a b

Re

More on Rational z-Transform

Consider the rational z-transform
with the pole pattern:
Im
Case 2: A left sided Sequence.
a b

Re

More on Rational z-Transform

Consider the rational z-transform
with the pole pattern:
Im
Case 3: A two sided Sequence.
a b

Re

Stable and Causal Syste

ms
Causal Systems : ROC extends outward from the outermost pole.

Im

Re

Stable and Causal Syste

ms
Stable Systems : ROC includes the unit circle.

Im
1
Re

Examples:
1.x(n) 4 u (n)
n

a u ( n)
n

1
1 4z

ROC : z f 4

ROC
4

Examples:
2.x(n) [5(4 ) 6(5 )]u ( n)
n

a u ( n)
n

5
6

1
1 4z
1 5 z 1

ROC ' s : z f 4; z
ROC : z f 5

ROC
5
4

Example: Sum of Two Right Sided Seq

uences
x( n) ( 12 ) n u (n) ( 13 ) n u (n)
z
z
2 z ( z 121 )
X ( z)

1
1
z2 z3
( z 12 )( z 13 )
Im

ROC is bounded by poles

and is the exterior of a circle.
1/12
1/3

1/2

Re

ROC does not include any pole.

Example: A Two Sided Sequenc

e
x(n) ( 13 ) n u (n) ( 12 ) n u ( n 1)
z
z
2 z ( z 121 )
X ( z)

1
1
z3 z2
( z 13 )( z 12 )
Im

ROC is bounded by poles

and is a ring.

1/12
1/3

1/2

Re

ROC does not include any pole.

Example: A Finite Sequen

ce
x ( n) a n ,
N 1

0 n N 1

X ( z) a z
n 0

Im

N 1

( az )

1 n

n 0

N-1 zeros

1 (az 1 ) N

1 az 1

1 zN aN
N 1
z
za

ROC: 0 < z <

ROC does not include any pole.

N-1 poles

Re

Always
Always Stable
Stable