Communication is defined as a

process by which information is

exchanged between individuals
through common systems, symbols,
signs, behaviour etc.

What is the Communication

Cycle?
Communication is a fundamental part of all

our lives. There are many different methods of

communication and we are gaining more and
more all the time.
Communication ranges from a note stuck on
the fringe door, to video conferencing and
phoning. The communication cycle is a
structure that was thought up about how we
communicate.

What is Verbal and Non- Verbal

Communication?
Verbal Communication is where we use words,

either written or spoken to help us

communicate.
Non- Verbal Communication can be done in
various ways even though much of the study of
nonverbal communication is said to be face- toface interaction. In modern times messages can
be communicated through gestures, touch,
body language and facial expression as well as
objects or artifacts such as hairstyles, clothes
etc.

What is Active Listening?

Active Listening is the process of listening

attentively while someone else speaks,

paraphrasing and reflecting back what is said,
and withholding judgement and advice.

What are Telephone

Techniques?
The telephone offers a unique, two-way

mediumfor public involvement.

It can be used to obtain information and to
give opinions.
Its use has entered a new era of potential
applications to community participation, going
beyond question-and-answer techniques
toward the evolving new multi-media
connections with television and computers.

Contd
Potential telephone techniques for public

involvementinclude:
auto attendant-- a series of tiered recordings leading
an inquirer to a recorded answer or the appropriate
staff person;
information bureau-- a staff person responds orally
to a broad variety of standard queries, such as bus
schedules or meeting dates;
E-mail-- a staff person responds to computer queries.
hotline or voice bulletin boards-- a staff person or
recording answers questions about a specific project or
program.

Contd
FAX-on-demand-- a recorded message provides a menu

of documents available by FAX and how to obtain them;

telethon-- a telephone call-in for comments during a
television program.
electronic town meeting-- a telephone call-in
combined with a scheduled television program, which
shows results of public calls.
interactive voice response system-- information
retrieval from a main computer using telephones or
terminals; and
interactive cable television information-- a series of
information boards or videos that can be called up by
phone to a television screen.

Contd
FAX-on-demand-- a recorded message provides a menu

of documents available by FAX and how to obtain them;

telethon-- a telephone call-in for comments during a
television program.
electronic town meeting-- a telephone call-in
combined with a scheduled television program, which
shows results of public calls.
interactive voice response system-- information
retrieval from a main computer using telephones or
terminals; and
interactive cable television information-- a series of
information boards or videos that can be called up by
phone to a television screen.

Contd
FAX-on-demand-- a recorded message provides a menu

of documents available by FAX and how to obtain them;

telethon-- a telephone call-in for comments during a
television program.
electronic town meeting-- a telephone call-in
combined with a scheduled television program, which
shows results of public calls.
interactive voice response system-- information
retrieval from a main computer using telephones or
terminals; and
interactive cable television information-- a series of
information boards or videos that can be called up by
phone to a television screen.

What is Questioning
Techniques?
Asking questions is a fundamental part of finding

information and for subtle (and otherwise)

persuasion. Here are various pages on questioning:
Closed Questions: That seek short answers.
Chunking Questions: Chunk up and down for more or
less detail.
Clear Questions: That are simple and unambiguous.
Columbo Technique: Asking stupid questions that get
the answers you want.
Double Bind Questions: Whichever way you answer,
the result is the same.

Contd
Echo Questions: Repeat what they say as a

question.
Empowering Questions : That release limits on
people.
Funnel Questioning : Seeking more detail or
more general information.
Group Questioning: Tips for asking questions
of many people at once.
Interrogation Questions : Questions that lead
to answers.

What is Team Work?

Teamwork is action performed by a team

towards a common goal.

A team consists of more than one person,
each of which has different responsibilities.

Why is Teamwork
Important?
Teamwork is important because it allows goals

to be reached in an efficient and timely

method.
Teamwork combines many different skills from
many people, this allowing achievements to
be made that could not be made alone.

What is Member
Function?
Member functions are operators and functions

that are declared as members of a class

Member functions do not include operators
and functions declared with the friend
specified. These are called friends of a class.
You a member can declare function as static;
this is called a static member function.
A member function that is not declared as
static is called a nonstatic member function.

What is the difference between

Goal and Objectives?
A Goal is an accomplishment that you are

trying to reach.
Objectives are steps in the process of
reaching that goal.

Organizational Charts
An organizational chart is a diagram that

shows the structure of an organization and the

relationships and relative ranks of its parts
and positions/jobs.

Ergonomics
Ergonomics is concerned with the fit

between the user, equipment and their

environments. It takes account of the user's
capabilities and limitations in seeking to
ensure that tasks, functions, information and
the environment suit each user.

Contd

Contd

Donts

Safety in the lab

Lab Safety Rules

1. Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in

the laboratory.
2. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If you
do not understand a direction or part of a procedure, ASK
YOUR TEACHER BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE ACTIVITY.
3. Never work alone in the laboratory. No student may work
in the science classroom without the presence of the teacher.
4. When first entering a science room, do not touch any
equipment, chemicals, or other materials in the laboratory
area until you are instructed to do so.
5. Perform only those experiments authorized by your
teacher. Carefully follow all instructions, both written and
oral. Unauthorized experiments are not allowed.
6. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the
laboratory. Do not use laboratory glassware as containers for
food or beverages.

Contd

Contd
7. Be prepared for your work in the laboratory. Read all

procedures thoroughly before entering the laboratory. Never

fool around in the laboratory. Horseplay, practical jokes, and
pranks are dangerous and prohibited.
8. Always work in a well-ventilated area.
9. Observe good housekeeping practices. Work areas should be
kept clean and tidy at all times.
10. Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the
laboratory. Notify the teacher immediately of any unsafe
conditions you observe.
11. Dispose of all chemical waste properly. Never mix
chemicals in sink drains. Sinks are to be used only for water.
Check with your teacher for disposal of chemicals and
solutions.
12. Labels and equipment instructions must be read carefully
before use. Set up and use the equipment as directed by your
teacher.

Contd

Contd

Contd

Hardware and software

Hardware is any physical device, something

that you are able to touch

Software is a collection of instructions and
code installed into the computer and cannot
be touched.

Job Descriptions
A job description is a list that a person might use for

general tasks, or functions, and responsibilities of a

position.
It may often include to whom the position reports,
specifications such as the qualifications or skills needed
by the person in the job, or a salary range.
Job descriptions are usually narrative,[1] but some may
instead comprise a simple list of competencies; for
instance, strategic human resource planning
methodologies may be used to develop a
competency architecture for an organization, from which
job descriptions are built as a shortlist of competencies.

Safety in the workplace

Why is Safety Important at

the Workplace?
The key to employee productivity is to keep them motivated.

Employees can remain motivated if they feel safe and happy at their
workplace. This says a lot about the importance of workplace safety.
Workplace safety is important for the very reason of improved
productivity. It is only when the employees feel safe at work that they
can invest the fullest of their capacities and exploit the best of their
potentials to work.

Workplace safety is the employer's and management's responsibility.

It involves the formation and implementation of safety programs.
Employee insurance schemes and employee safety policies help
cover the risk an employee might suffer at work. Jobs, which require
the employees to travel or stay out of their city or country, should
cover the risks involved in the journey and the on-site stay. Certain
jobs require the employees to engage in life-risking work; they
require the employees to be part of dangerous industrial processes.
Jobs, which put the safety of their employees at stake, should also
provide the employees with the safety costs.

Contd
Workplace safety involves training programs

that are meant to teach the employees to

handle risks. Employees need to be trained to
react to impending dangers, if any. They
should be trained to fight risks and deal with
accidents at work in case they occur. It is
important for the management of a company
to cater to the safety needs of its employees
through risk covers as well as training
programs aimed at minimizing risk costs.

What are Emergency

Plans?
An emergency plan specifies procedures for

handling sudden unexpected situations.

Why are Emergency Plans

important?
When the emergency alert arrives, you need

to be prepared. Having an emergency plan in

place can lessen the fear of the unknown as
well as any personal losses that may be
incurred. Knowing what community resources
are available is a good first step toward
preparedness.

What is an incident
report?
An incident report or accident report is a form

that is filled out in order to record details of an

unusual event that occurs at the facility, such as
an injury to a patient.
The purpose of the incident report is to
document the exact details of the occurrence
while they are still fresh in the minds of those
who witnessed the event.
This information may be useful in the future
when dealing with liability issues stemming from
the incident.

Employer Rights &

Responsibilities

Employer Rights &

Responsibilities
As an employeryou must provide a safe and healthy
workplace for your workers and contractors. This includes:
providing and maintaining safe plant (such as machinery
and equipment) and safe systems of work (such as
controlling entry to high risk areas, controlling work pace
and frequency and providing systems to prevent falls from
heights)
maintaining the workplace in a safe condition (such as
ensuring fire exits are not blocked, emergency equipment
is serviceable, and the worksite is generally tidy)
providing workers with adequate facilities (such as clean
toilets, cool and clean drinking water, and hygienic eating
areas)

Contd
making sure workers have adequate information, instruction,

training and supervision to work in a safe and healthy manner.

keep information and records relevant to your workers' health and
safety (such as records of biological monitoring, asbestos
assessments, first aid records and relevant medical information)
consultwith employees on matters that may directly affect their
health, safety or welfare. Where the employees are represented
by a health and safety representative (HSR), the HSR must also
be involved in the consultation
nominate a senior management representative (or yourself) to

deal with workers and their health and safety representatives in

resolving health and safety issues at the workplace

Safety Equipment

Safety signs

Contd

Contd

Employees' health and

safety responsibilities

Your rights
Your rights as an employee to work in a safe and
healthy environment are given to you by law,
and generally can't be changed or removed by
your employer. The most important rights are:
as far as possible, to have any risks to your
health and safety properly controlled
to be provided, free of charge, with any personal
protective and safety equipment
if you have reasonable concerns about your
safety, to stop work and leave your work area,
without being disciplined

Contd
to tell your employer about any health and

safety concerns you have

to get in touch with the Health and Safety
Executive (HSE) or your local authority if your
employer won't listen to your concerns,
without being disciplined
to have rest breaks during the working day, to
have time off from work during the working
week, and to have annual paid holiday

Your responsibilities
Your most important responsibilities as an employee are:
to take reasonable care of your own health and safety
if possible avoid wearing jewellery or loose clothing if
operating machinery
if you have long hair or wear a headscarf, make sure it's
tucked out of the way (it could get caught in machinery)
to co-operate with your employer, making sure you get
proper training and you understand and follow the
company's health and safety policies
to report any injuries, strains or illnesses you suffer as a
result of doing your job (your employer may need to
change the way you work)

Contd
to tell your employer if something happens that

might affect your ability to work (eg becoming

pregnant or suffering an injury) - your employer
has a legal responsibility for your health and
safety, they may need to suspend you while
they find a solution to the problem, but you will
normally be paid if this happens
if you drive or operate machinery, to tell your
employer if you take medication that makes you
drowsy - they should temporarily move you to
another job if they have one for you to do

The End