EQUIPMENT SELECTION

Your employer must:

Be able to recognize the hazards
Be familiar with the best safety equipment available to protect
against these hazards

EQUIPMENT SELECTION

To the employee

APPEARANCE
-His appearance
when wearing it

TYPES OF EQUIPMENT

EYE & FACE PROTECTION

Cover goggles
Protective spectacles
Meter goggles
Welders goggles
Face shields
Bal biting helmets
Welding helmets
Hand-hold shield
Acid proof hoods

Cover goggles
Flying particles
Woodworking, sanding, light metal
working and machining, exposure to
dust and wind, resistance welding,
etc.

Protective spectacles
Flying Objects
Chipping, drilling, scaling, grinding,
polishing, buffing, riveting,
punching, shearing, hammer mills,
crushing, heavy sawing, etc.

Welders goggles

Welding helmet
Injurious optical radiation
- Electric arc welding, heavy gas cutting, plasma spraying and cutting,
inert gas shielded arc welding, atomic hydrogen welding

Face shield
Heat, sparks and splash from molten
materials
- Babbiting, casting, pouring molten metal,
brazing, soldering, spot welding, stud welding,
hot dipping operations.

Acid proof hood

Acid splash, chemical burns
- Acid and alkali handling, degreasing, pickling
and plating operations, glass breakage,
chemical spray, liquid bitumen handling

FOOTWEAR
Free shoes
Gaiter type
Leather shoes with wood soles or wood-soled sandals
Metatarsal guard shoes

FREE SHOES
- Severe electrical hazards or fire
and explosion hazards

GAITER TYPE
- Splash of molten metal or from
welding sparks

METATARSAL GUARD
SHOES

- Where heavy materials such as pig iron & heavy casting

are handled

LEG PROTECTION
Leggings

Knee pads

HEADGEAR
Safety hats/ Hard hats
Must be fire resistant
Impervious to moisture
Contact with energized circuits is possible
Shells made

EAR PROTECTION
Insert type protectors

Muff type

HANDS AND FINGER PROTECTION

Asbestos gloves
Chrome-tanned cowhide leather gloves
Rubber gloves
Leather gloves
Cotton or fabric gloves
Coated fabric gloves.

Asbestos
gloves
- protection against heat &
fire hazards

Rubber
gloves
- For cleaning purposes

Leather gloves
- for added grip and for protecting their
hands
- protection against electrical shocks,
extreme heat, ultraviolet and infrared.

Cotton or
fabric gloves
-protect against dirt, slivers, chafing
and abrasions

Coated fabric
gloves
- handling bricks and wire to
chemical laboratory containers

TORSO PROTECTION
Full aprons

LUNG PROTECTION
Filter respirator
Contained breathing apparatus
Gas mask
Air line respirator
Hose mask

FILTER
RESPIRATORS

GAS MASK

AIRLINE RESPIRATOR

CONTAINED BREATHING
APPARATUS

HEALTH HAZARDS
- Chemical Hazards
- Physical Hazards
- Biological hazards

CHEMICAL
HAZARDS

Contact with the skin

Dermatitis- most common skin disease caused by contact of a
number of materials used in the construction field
-

Cement
Epoxy
Acids
Alkalis
Solvents
Thinners
Paints
Varnishes

Acrylic
Formaldehyde Resins
Bricks
Stone Dust
Pitch
Tar
Bitumen (Asphalt)

Health hazards - CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Contact with the skin

DERMATITIS

Health hazards - CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Contact with the skin

CEMENT

Health hazards - CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Contact with the skin

EPOXY

Health hazards - CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Contact with the skin

PAINT

Health hazards - CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Inhalation of harmful chemicals

Inhalation of certain dusts, fumes, gases, and vapors may
cause risk to health including respiratory disorders.
-

Asbestos dust
Silica dust
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Dioxide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Nitrous fumes

Cadmium
Lead
Heat
Noise
Welding Fumes
Zinc
Solvents

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Inhalation of harmful chemicals

Factory Smoke

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Ingestion of harmful chemicals

The swallowing of harmful chemicals by mistake or through lack
of personal hygiene is an ever-present risk

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Prevention of Chemical Hazards

Careful handling of chemicals

Using appropriate tools in handling chemicals
Wearing correct protective clothing
Personal cleanliness/ hygiene
Proper training and supervision
Proper labelling and containers of harmful
substances

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

PHYSICAL
HAZARDS

Cold
Workers may be exposed to condition of extreme cold and to
biting winds with rain over long periods
Dulling of mental abilities and
slower muscle reaction
- Bronchitis
- Arthritis

physical HAZARDS

Vibration
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physical HAZARDS

Vibration
Prevention of vibration injuries:
- use of vibration isolators
- exerting the lightest pressure
- maintenance of good circulation
- warm hands
- wearing comfortable gloves

Vibration
Isolator

physical HAZARDS

Ionizing Radiation
Sources of Ionizing Radiation:
- nuclear power stations
- processing plants
- laboratories
- radiography
- scattered radiation

Nuclear Plant

physical HAZARDS

Ionizing Radiation
The effects of exposure to ionizing radiation includes radiological dermatitis,
skin burns, loss of hair, and bone cancer

SKIN BURN

HAIR LOSS

physical HAZARDS

Ionizing Radiation
Prevention of Ionizing Radiation:
- The boundary of which should be a safe distance from the
radiation must have warning signs
- Posting sentries along boundaries to ensure no
unauthorized person enters the danger zone
- Wearing of proper protective clothing

PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING

physical HAZARDS

Compressed Air

Compressed-Air Illness
- illness caused by too-rapid decompression
- can be caused by working in air at pressure above
atmospheric pressure like diving activities and tunnelling

Airplane Departure

physical HAZARDS

Diseases (Compressed Air)

Type I (Mild Form) - Skin Irritation

- Slight Pains in the joints
- Tightness of the chest

Chest Tightness
Joint Pains

physical HAZARDS

Diseases (Compressed Air)

Type II (Severe Form) - Severe Pains in the joints

- Dizziness
- Unconsciousness
- Possibility of death

Dizzy
Unconscious

Death
physical HAZARDS

Lasers

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER)

- used in the construction industry that aids to setting out works
involving straight line (tunnels, runways, dredging work)

Laser Distance Measuring Tool

Tunnel
Laser
Aid

physical HAZARDS

Lasers
Eye Injury
- caused by looking directly into the beam of the laser
Skin Burns
- caused by direct contact with laser

Eye Injury

physical HAZARDS

Lasers
Prevention:
- Using effective barriers that separates personnel and the
laser
- Notices and Warning Signs
- Wearing appropriate eye protection

Warning
Sign

Laser Eye
Protection Glasses

physical HAZARDS

BIOLOGICAL
HAZARDS

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
AFFECTS ENGAGED ON WASTE LAND SITES OR SEWERS

WASTE LAND SITE

SEWER

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

DISEASE
LEPTOSPIRAL JAUNDICE OR WEILS DISEASE (LEPTOSPIROSIS)
- CAUSED BY INGESTION OF FOOD OR WATER CONTAMINATED WITH
URINE OF RATS
- CAN BE FATAL IF NOT TREATED EARLY

Rats in a sewer
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

OCCUPATIONAL
DISEASES

Toxicology

Portals of Entry

Excretion

DISEASES OF THE
SKIN

Non-infective dermatitis
- Inflammation of the skin

Symptoms
Rough and raw
Itchy
Crack and sore
Rashes

Protective Measure
Good personal hygiene
Creams
Protective clothing

Cancer of the scrotum

Causes
Sunlight
Ionizing radiation
Hydrocarbons
Arsenic compounds
Symptoms
Wart
Ulcer

Prevention
Educated workers
Splash guards
Protective clothing
Avoidance of oily rags
Good personal hygiene

Coal tar and pitch

Symptoms
Skin irritation
Itching or burning
Cold
Damage to the cornea

Prevention
Clean protective clothing
Employees should be warned
Report any skin disease which develops
Good personal hygiene
Creams

Anthrax
Causes
Tanning
Wool sorting
Manufacture of brushes
Bone-meal
Fertilizer
Glue

Symptoms
Red-brown spot
Blisters
Inflamed tissue
Fever
Headache
Sickness
Swollen glands

Prevention
Employees should be informed
Cuts must be treated
Good Personal hygiene
Protection by immunization

DISEASES OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Pneumoconiosis
- dust in the lung

Body defense to inhalation of dust

Cilia

Causes
Beryllium
Organic dusts
Talc
Cobalt
Man-made Mineral fibers

Silicosis
Symptoms
Cough
Breathlessness
Fever
Loss of weight
Bloody sputum

Prevention
personal respiratory protective equipment
avoid to much exposure to dusts

Asbestosis
Symptoms
Breathlessness
Little or no cough
Chest pain
Weak and distressed

Prevention
avoid further exposure
special lung function tests
chest should be X-rayed every 2 years

Mesothelioma
Cause
Exposure to asbestos especially the blue and brown
varieties
People at risk
Miners
Manufactures of asbestos
Builders
Asbestos working

Symptoms
Breathlessness
Chest pain
Cough
Fever
Loss of weight
Weakness

Other dust causes of lung cancer

Chromate
Nickel compounds
Benzpyrenes
Uranium and radon
Arsenic compounds

DISEASES FROM
METALS

Lead
Inorganic lead
Symptoms
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Metallic taste in the mouth
Constipation
Abdominal pain
Effects
Anemia
Abnormal products in urine
Paralysis

Effects
Anemia
Abnormal products in the urine
Paralysis
Kidney damage

 Organic lead
Symptoms
Psychiatric disturbance
Headache
Vomiting
Dizziness
coma

Mercury
Acute mercury poisoning
Symptoms
Cough
Tight chest
Breathlessness
Fever

Metal fume
- Causes an influenza-like disease

Chromium
Effects
Skin irritation
Ulceration
Chrome ulcers

Arsenic (As)
Effects to health
Skin irritation
Skin cancer

Arsine
Effects to health
Jaundice
Anemia
Urine appear red
Blistering of the skin
Lung irritation

Manganese
Effects to health
Acute irritation of the lungs
Muscular pain
Unstable gait

Nickle (Ni)
Effects to health
Skin sensitivity (Nickel itch)
Irritates the lungs (Broncho-pneumonia)
Cancer of the lung

Cadmium (Cd)
Effects to health
Irritation of the eyes, nose and throat
Tightness of the chest
Shortness of breath
Coughing
Lung damage
Kidney damage
Lung cancer

Vanadium (V)
Effects to health
Eye irritation
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Cough
Broncho-pneumonia

PESTICIDES

Insecticides
Effects to health
Headache
Nausea
Blurred vision
Muscle twitching
Crams in the belly muscles
Sweating
Respiratory difficulties

Herbicides
Effects to health
Damage to liver, kidney and lung

GASSING

Chlorine and hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Effects to our health:
- Bronchitis
- Difficulty in breathing

Carbon Monoxide
Exposure ppm

Carboxyl hemoglobin

Effects

200

20%

Headache, flushed,
breathlessness

400

40%

Dizziness

500

50%

Collapse

600

60%

unconsciousness

Angiosarcoma
-cancer of the lung
Symptoms
Abdominal pain
Impaired appetite
Lose of weight
Distension of abdomen
Jaundice
death

Prevention
Reduction of exposure time with vinyl chloride and

thorium dioxide
Proper use of protective equipment

NOISE-INDUCED
HEARING LOSS

Definition and cause

- Unwanted sound

Sound can cause:

Annoyance
Fright
Stress
deafness

Permanent deafness

Temporary Deafness

OCCUPATIONAL
HYGIENE

INDUSTRIAL
HYGIENE

WORK

PROTECTION OF
HEALTH
HEALTHCARE

INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS

Responsibilities of hygienists

PRACP

PREDICTING

RECOGNIZING
ASSESSING
CONTROLLING
PREVENTING

Environmental Stressors
GASES
FUMES
VAPORS
DUST
MIST
NOISE
RADIATION

Safety and Health Professionals

Occupational Phycisian

Industrial Toxicologist

Health Phycisist

Standards-developing organizations

Occupational Safety and Health Act

(OSH Act)

The use of warning labels

Prescription of appropriate personal protective

equipment

Provision of medical tests

Maintenance of accurate records

Accessibility of monitoring tests and measurement activities to

employees

Availability of monitoring tests

Notification of employees

Purpose of the OSHA Process Safety Standard

Prevention of catastrophic accidents caused by

hazardous chemicals
Companies are required to have written operating
procedures and such programs to comply with the
Standards.

Other Key Elements of the OSHA Process Safety

Standard
Coverage
Employee Participation
Process Safety Information
Process Hazard Analyses
Standard Operating Procedures

Coverage
Any company that uses the threshold amount of

chemicals is covered
THRESHOLD: 10,000 pounds or more of a flammable
material at one site location.

Employee participation
Employees must take part of the processes that are

required by the Standards.

Employees must be given access to information
developed as part of the program.

Process safety information

Maintain process safety files.

Process hazard analyses

Conduct Hazard Analyses for all procedures covered by

the Standard.
This is done to prevent potential problems.

Standard operating procedures

These are the procedures in the proper handling of

chemicals

Requirements for contractors

Screen Contractors
Orient Contractors
Evaluate Contractors periodically
Maintain an OSHA injury and illness log for the contractor

OSHA Regulation for Chemical Spill

HAZWOPER- Hazardous Waste Operations and

Emergency Response Standard

Emergency Action Plan (EAP)
Emergency Response Plan

Emergency action plan

An EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN should have the ff:
Alarm Systems
Evacuation Plan
Mechanism or Procedure for emergency shutdown of the
equipment
Procedure for notifying the response personnel

Emergency response plan

The EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN requires the

comprehensive training of employees in dealing with

spills.