Electronics Test & Development Centre, Chennai

Ministry of Communications & Information Technology

Selection of Appropriate Control Chart

Type of Data
Variable or Attribute?

Variable
n=1 of more?

Attribute?
N=1 or more?

More
1
More
1
x & R x & MR Is n constant? Unit or
portion
Yes
No
Unit
Portion
np

Electronics Test & Development Centre, Chennai

Ministry of Communications & Information Technology

Control Charts For Variables &

Attribute Data
Most important tools for process control of
variation
The knowledge of distribution is used in
control charts
They are visual representations of variations
in selected parameters over real time
Their limits are based on data collected
under control conditions. They are practical
and achievable.

Electronics Test & Development Centre, Chennai

Ministry of Communications & Information Technology

TYPES OF DATA & CONTROL CHARTS

Variable and Attribute Data
Variable Data:
Relates what can be measured and Expressed
Quantitatively in specific units of measurement.
Eg. Dimensions, Volumes, Temperature,
Pressure, Time, Strength.
Attribute Data:
Expresses good or bad, Defective or defect
free, Acceptable or unacceptable, It is
qualitative.

Electronics Test & Development Centre, Chennai

Ministry of Communications & Information Technology

CONTROL CHARTS FOR VARIABLES

X & R charts most commonly used.
In rare cases when one cannot have more
items in a sample or where generation of
data is very expensive; X & MR (moving
range) chart of (i-chart) is used.

CONROL CHART FOR ATTRIBUTES

Attribute details converted into numerical
data. Depending on the type of sample and
the attribute.
np chart is used in case sample size is big
enough and constant.
P chart is used if sample size is not a
constant fraction or % of defective is charted.
U chart is used to control if the sample is
single.
C chart is used to control no. of defects per

Electronics Test & Development Centre, Chennai

Ministry of Communications & Information Technology

X & MR CHART (i-CHART) MOVING

RANGE CHART
When it is not convenient to get multiple items
in a sample. Eg. Chemical industry where
test is too expensive to replicate an X & MR
chart is used.
The control limits for MR chart and X chart are
calculated as follows:
For MR Chart, Central line = MR

Electronics Test & Development Centre, Chennai

Ministry of Communications & Information Technology

Upper control limit for MR-UCLMR = MR x D4

= MR x 3.27

Lower Control Limit for MRLCRMR= MRxD2

For X Chart
Central line = X
Upper control limitx UCLx = X + 3
(Action lines) = X + 3 MR
d2
= X + (3 MR)
1.13

Electronics Test & Development Centre, Chennai

Ministry of Communications & Information Technology

Lower control limitx LCLx

(Action lines) = X - 3
= X - (3 MR)
1.13
Warning Lines @ X 2 or X 2 MR
d2
or = X 2 MR
1.13

Electronics Test & Development Centre, Chennai

Ministry of Communications & Information Technology

For x Chart:
Central line

= x

Upper Control Limit for xUCLx = x+3 (MR/1.13)

Lower Control Limit for xLCLx = x-3 (MR/1.13)
The factors used for the control limits for the MR
Chart are the same as for R chart with sample
size of 2. In case of x chart the limits are often
referred to a natural process limits. Let us see an
example of x and MR chart.

Electronics Test & Development Centre, Chennai

Ministry of Communications & Information Technology

In the manufacture of a chemical, the

percentage yields of 25 consecutive items
were:
1. 90.5

2. 93.0

3. 91.5

4. 92.5

5. 90.5

6. 88.5

7. 89.0

8. 93.0

9. 91.5

10. 93.0

11. 94.5

12. 92.0

13. 91.5

14. 91.5

15. 91.0

16. 92.0

17. 90.5

18. 87.5

19. 92.0

20. 92.5

21. 89.5

22. 91.0

23. 93.5

24. 91.5

25. 92.0

The first step is to calculate the moving range. It must be

noted that with 25 values of x, we get only 24 values of MR
as there is no MR corresponding to the first value of x. In
this case, the 24 values of MR are:

1.

2. 2.5

3. 1.5

4. 1.0

5. 2.0

6. 2.0

7. 0.5

8. 4.0

9. 1.5

10. 1.5

11. 1.5

12. 0.5

13. 0.5

14. 0.0

15. 0.5

16. 1.0

17. 1.5

18. 3.0

19. 4.5

20. 0.5

21. 3.0

22. 1.5

23. 2.5

24. 2.0

25. 0.5

Electronics Test & Development Centre, Chennai

Ministry of Communications & Information Technology

The values of x and MR are calculated next.

These are 91.42% and 9.73% respectively.
Now let us calculate the control limits for MR.
UCLMR
= MR x 3.27
= 1.73 x 3.27
= 5.6571 rounded to 5.66
LCLMR
= MR x 0
= 1.73 x 0
=0
Control limits for MR are 5.66 and 0. All MR
values are in this range. So we can proceed
to calculate the limits for x chart.

Electronics Test & Development Centre, Chennai

Ministry of Communications & Information Technology

Upper limit =

Lower limit =

x + 3 (MR/1.13)
=
91.42 + 3 (1.73/1.13)
=
91.42+ 4.59
=
96.01
x 3 (MR/1.13)
=
91.42 3 (1.73/1.13)
=
91.42 4.59
=
86.83

All the individual values of x are within these limits.

Hence the process seems to be under control. We
now have all the information to complete the x and
MR control charts. These are shown in Diagram 6.8.

Electronics Test & Development Centre, Chennai

Ministry of Communications & Information Technology

Electronics Test & Development Centre, Chennai

Ministry of Communications & Information Technology

Electronics Test & Development Centre, Chennai

Ministry of Communications & Information Technology

DRAW THE X & MR CHART FOR THE

FOLLOWING EXAMPLES:
1
90.5
2
93.0
3
91.5
4
92.5
5
90.5
6
88.5
7
89.0
8
93.0
9
91.5
10
93.5

Electronics Test & Development Centre, Chennai

Ministry of Communications & Information Technology

11

94.5

12

92.0

13

91.5

14

91.5

15

91.0

16

92.0

17

90.5

18

87.5

19

92.0

20

92.0

21

89.5

22

91.0

23

93.5