America: Past and Present: Democracy and Dissent: The Violence of Party Politics, 1788 - 1800

America: Past and Present
Ninth Edition
Chapter
Democracy and
Dissent: The Violence
of Party Politics, 1788
1800
America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition
Divine Breen Frederickson Williams Gross Brands
Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All rights reserved.
Force of Public Opinion

Root cause of political parties: ambiguity
of republic ideology what is a Republic
Jefferson and Hamilton both want republic
but disagree on what it is
Start of political parties Federalists vs
Jeffersonians Republicans

Principle and Pragmatism:

Establishing a New Government
George Washington unanimously elected
president, 1788
Washington was symbol of new government
He embodied the hopes and fears of the new
republic
Washington made his own decisions
Congress established three executive
departments: War, State, and Treasury


Principle and Pragmatism:

Establishing a New Government
Judiciary Act of 1789 established
Supreme Court with one chief justice and
eight associate justices
17895% tariff levied to fund government


Conflicting Visions:
Alexander Hamilton
Washingtons aide-de-camp in Revolution
Secretary of the Treasury
Wanted stronger ties to Britain model banks
after Britain
Strong central government with support of
wealthy
Envisioned U.S. as an industrial power Private
greed could be source of public good
Feared anarchy more than tyranny belief in
elites

Conflicting Visions:
Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of state under Washington
Believed limited government preserves
liberty
Envisioned U.S. as an agrarian nation
Trusted the common people
Against large debt
Favored France over Britain


Hamiltons Plan for

Prosperity and Security
Washingtons first term finances
Congress asked Hamilton for suggestions
for solutions to debt problem
He produced three reports:
First Report is Report on the Public Credit
Report contains two parts: Funding and
Assumption
Debt of $54 million, additional state debt of

$25 million
80% of debt held by speculators

Funding and Assumption

Funding: Congress redeems federal
certificates of debt at face value to current
holders
Insisted bondholders support new
government
Criticized by Madison and others because
most debt in hands of speculators
Madison thought only a few would benefit


Funding and Assumption

Assumption: federal government pays
states debts
Opposed by states that had already paid their
debts
Madison at first led congress to defeat the
funding
But eventually passed in exchange for
locating capital on Potomac (Washington
D.C.)

Interpreting the Constitution:

The Bank Controversy
Second Report was Bank of the United
States
National bank would be privately owned,
but partly funded by federal government
Opposed because it might perpetuate a
large monied interest saw bank as
corrupt like British system
Jefferson opposed it as unconstitutional

Interpreting the Constitution:

The Bank Controversy
Hamilton defended constitutionality
through doctrine of implied powers
Congress chartered bank, 1791
Perception that Hamilton was bringing
corrupt British system to America
Washington approved Hamiltons idea
because it was stronger than Jeffersons


Setback for Hamilton

Third Report was Report on Manufacturing
(1791) sought federal encouragement for
manufacturing
Protective tariffs and industrial bounties
Madison warned that program would strengthen

federal government at state expense
Jefferson warned that the rise of cities would
destroy agriculture
Southerners opposed to protective tariffs


Charges of Treason:
The Battle over Foreign Affairs
French and English Wars shape U.S. political
division
Washingtons second term focused on foreign
affairs
Both British and French treated America
arrogantly
Jeffersonian Republicans
Favored France
States rights
Strict interpretation of the Constitution

Charges of Treason:
The Battle over Foreign Affairs
Hamiltonian Federalists
Favored England
Strong central government and economic
planning
Maintenance of order by federal troops


The Peril of Neutrality

British still occupied Ohio River Valley and
discriminated against American trade
Franco-British War broke out, 1793
England violated American sovereignty and
neutrality on high seas
British actions indicate a disdain for American
rights
Jefferson: punish England by cutting off trade
Hamilton: appease England because too strong


Jays Treaty Sparks

Domestic Unrest
John Jay to England to demand:
Removal of English from American soil
Payment for ships illegally seized
Better commercial relations
Acceptance of United States neutrality


Jays Treaty Sparks

Domestic Unrest
Hamilton told English that U.S. not firm and
would make compromises
Jays Treaty won no major concessions
British to abandon frontier posts and let a few
small ships trade in British West Indies
Washington disliked, but accepted, treaty
Senate ratified by smallest possible margin
Treaty caused major concerns


New Orleans and Florida

Spain had closed Mississippi River to
Americans
Spain interpreted Jays Treaty as AngloAmerican alliance against Spain so Spain
agree to new treaty with America


New Orleans and Florida

Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckneys Treaty)
Spanish opened the Mississippi River and
New Orleans to U.S. West
Settled disputed border between Florida and
U.S.
Spanish ceased inciting Indians against
settlers


Conquest of the West


Popular Political Culture

Political parties condemned as factions
By end of Washingtons first term,
government is divided
Widespread concern over loss of common
revolutionary purpose
Federalists and Republicans suspected
each others loyalty
Party members thought it a patriotic duty
to destroy opposing party

Informing the Public:

News and Politics
Changing the nations political life
Newspapers widely read, highly influential
most people could read
Newspapers shrill, totally partisan
Newspapers main source of political
information


Whiskey Rebellion: Charges of

Republican Conspiracy
Excise tax on whiskey imposed 1791
1794western Pennsylvania farmers protested
Lent credence to fears of violence against the
government
Republican governor refused to act
Federalists interpreted as Republican conspiracy
Washington and Hamilton led 15,000-man army
to crush the rebellion
Rebels could not be found embarrassing
fiasco for government
Increased Republican electoral strength along
the frontier

Whiskey Rebellion: Charges of

Republican Conspiracy
Washington blamed Republicans for
encouraging unrest
Jefferson saw it as excuse to raise army to
intimidate opposition


Washingtons Farewell
Washington increasingly sympathetic to
Federalists
Fall 1796Washington released Farewell
Address
Warned against alliances with nations that
werent promoting American security


The Adams Presidency

Bitterly divisive election in 1796
Federalists divided, Hamilton tried to push
Pinckney over Adams
Adams forced to accept people not
supportive in cabinet
Hamilton interferes with Adams
presidency and made it difficult


The XYZ Affair and

Domestic Politics
Jays Treaty prompted France to treat U.S.
as unfriendly nation
Diplomatic mission failed when three
French officials (X, Y, and Z) demanded
bribe
Provoked anti-French outrage in U.S.
XYZ affair led to Quasi war with France
France seized US ships

Crushing Political Dissent

Federalists began building up the army
Ostensible purpose: repel French invasion
Actual intention: stifle internal opposition
Hamilton commanded army, controlled

officers


Crushing Political Dissent

Hamilton sought declaration of war against
France to begin operations against dissent
Adams created navy, refused to ask
Congress for war


Silencing Political Opposition:

The Alien and Sedition Acts
Alien and Sedition Acts
Purpose to silence Republicans
First civil liberties crisis
Alien Enemies Act and Alien Act gave the

president power to expel any foreigner
Sedition Act criminalized criticism of the
government many see as threat to their
political rights and infringement on First
Amendment

Silencing Political Opposition:

The Alien and Sedition Acts
The Naturalization Act requires U.S.
residency of fourteen years for citizenship
Allows Federalists to maintain control


Kentucky and Virginia

Resolutions
Republicans saw Alien and Sedition Acts
as dire threat to liberty
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions - states
have the right to nullify federal law under
certain circumstances (States Rights)
Jeffersons Kentucky Resolutionsstates
may nullify unconstitutional federal law
Madisons Virginia Resolutionsurged states
to protect their citizens

Kentucky and Virginia

Resolutions
Purpose of resolutions: clarify differences
between Republicans and Federalists, not
justify secession


Adamss Finest Hour
1799Adams broke with Hamilton

Sent new team to negotiate with France
War hysteria against France vanished
U.S. resolves United States resolved its
differences with France
Hamiltons army seen as a useless
expense


The Peaceful Revolution:

The Election of 1800
Hamiltons High Federalists led campaign to
replace Adams with Pinckney
Federalists lost, but Republicans Jefferson and
Burr tied
Election went to House of Representatives and
they picked Jefferson after many ballots
12th amendment to Constitution ensures this
didnt happen again changed process of
electing President and VP


The Peaceful Revolution:

The Election of 1800
Adams and the midnight judges
Chief Justice John Marshall
Jeffersons inaugural: we are all

republicans, we are all federalists
Federalists lost touch with public
Federalists party split


Danger of Political Extremism

Election of 1800 one of the most important
Transfer of power from Federalists to
Republicans achieved peacefully
Nation averted ideological civil war



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America: Past and Present

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Force of Public Opinion

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Principle and Pragmatism:

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Principle and Pragmatism:

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Hamiltons Plan for

Debt of $54 million, additional state debt of

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Funding and Assumption

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Funding and Assumption

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Interpreting the Constitution:

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Interpreting the Constitution:

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Setback for Hamilton

Madison warned that program would strengthen

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The Peril of Neutrality

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Jays Treaty Sparks

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Jays Treaty Sparks

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

New Orleans and Florida

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

New Orleans and Florida

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Conquest of the West

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Popular Political Culture

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Informing the Public:

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Whiskey Rebellion: Charges of

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Whiskey Rebellion: Charges of

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

America: Past and Present, Ninth Edition

Copyright 2011, 2007, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.