Management Productivity

Tools
UNIT I

Introduction to Computer
Acomputeris an electronic
machine, operating under the control
of instructions stored in its own
memory, that can accept data,
manipulate the data according to
specified rules, produce results, and
store the results for future use

Hardware, Software
Hardwareis the electric, electronic,
and mechanical equipment that
makes up a computer
Softwareis the series of instructions
that tells the hardware how to
perform tasks.

The Components Of A Computer

Computer hardware components

include input devices, output
devices, a system unit, storage
devices, and communications
devices.
Aninput deviceis any hardware
component that allows a user to
enter data and instructions into a
computer
commonly used input devices are the

The Components Of A
Computer
Anoutput deviceis any hardware
component that can convey
information to a user
Three commonly used output devices
are a printer, a monitor, and
speakers.
Thesystem unitis a box-like case
made from metal or plastic that
protects the internal electronic
components of the computer from

The Components Of A
Computer
The system unit contains the central
processing unit and memory.
Thecentral processing unit(CPU)
is the electronic device that interprets
and carries out the basic instructions
that operate the computer.
Memoryis a storage place for data
and instructions.
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The Components Of A
Computer
Astorage devicerecords and
retrieves data to and from a storage
medium.
common storage devices are a floppy
disk drive, a hard disk drive, a CDROM drive, a CD-RW drive, a DVDROM drive, and a DVD+RW drive.

The Components Of A
Computer
Acommunications deviceenables
computer users to communicate and
exchange items such as data,
instructions, and information with
another computer.
Amodemis a communications
device that enables computers to
communicate usually via telephone
lines or cable.
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Differentiate Among The Various

Types Of Software
Two categories of computer software
1. System software
2. Application software
System softwareconsists of the programs that control
the operations of a computer and its devices.
Two types of system software are the operating system
and utility programs.
Anoperating system(OS) coordinates all activities
among hardware devices and contains instructions that
allow you to run application software.
Autility program performs specific tasks, usually related
to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs. You
interact with software through its user interface.
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Utility program
Utility programs helpmanage, maintain and
control computer resources. These
programs are available to help you with the
day-to-day chores associated with personal
computing and to keep your system running
atpeak performance.
Some examples of utility programs include:
Virus scanning software
Backup software
Scandisk
Disk defragmenter
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Differentiate Among The

Various Types Of Software
Application softwareconsists of programs that perform
specific tasks for users.
Popular application software includes word processing
software, spreadsheet software, database software, and
presentation graphics software.
Application software can be
packaged software
copyrighted software that meets the needs of a variety of users

custom software
tailor-made software developed at a users request

freeware
copyrighted software provided at no cost

public-domain software
software donated for public use with no copyright restrictions

shareware
copyrighted software distributed free for a trial period

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The Categories Of
Computers And Their Uses
The six major categories of computers are
personal computers, handheld computers,
Internet appliances, mid-range servers,
mainframes, and supercomputers.

These categories are based on differences

in
size
Speed
processing capabilities
and price.
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The Categories Of Computers

And Their Uses
Apersonal computercan perform all of its input,
processing, output, and storage activities by itself.
Personal computers include desktop computers and
notebook computers.
Adesktop computeris designed so the system unit, input
devices, output devices, and any other devices fit entirely on
or under a desk or table.
Variations of desktop computers includetower
models(computers with tall and narrow system units that
can sit vertically on the floor),all-in-one computers(less
expensive computers that combine the monitor and system
unit into a single device), andworkstations(more
expensive and powerful computers designed for work that
requires intense calculation and graphics capabilities).
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The Categories Of Computers

And Their Uses
Anotebook computeris a portable personal
computer small enough to fit on your lap.
Notebook and desktop computers are used at
home or in the office to perform application
software-related tasks or to access the Internet.
Ahandheld computeris a small computer
that fits in your hand.
Handheld computers can perform specific,
industry-related functions, or can be generalpurpose.
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The Categories Of Computers

And Their Uses
APDA(personal digital assistant) is a handheld
computer that provides personal organizer functions,
such as a calendar, appointment book, and notepad.
AnInternet applianceis a computer with limited
functionality whose main purpose is to connect to the
Internet from home.
Amid-range serveris more powerful and larger
than a workstation computer.
Users typically access a mid-range server through a
personal computer or a terminal, which is a device
with a monitor and a keyboard that usually has no
stand-alone processing power.
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The Categories Of Computers

And Their Uses
Amainframeis a large, expensive,
very powerful computer that can
handle hundreds or thousands of
connected users simultaneously.
Asupercomputeris the fastest,
most powerful, and most expensive
category of computer.

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Operating system

Anoperating system(OS) is a collection

of software that managescomputer
hardwareresources and provides
commonservicesforcomputer programs.
An OS consists of two parts: one part is
called the BIOS (Basic Input Output
System) which is stored in a non erasable
ROM
The other part is on hard disk
OS acts as an interface between user and
computer
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Operating system-major tasks

Starting the operation of a computer when
the power is first turned on
Storing users program in memory and
scheduling them in an orderly fashion
Invoking programming language translator
programs when necessary
Controlling input and output operations
Managing user files
Easy interaction between user and computer
Providing security to users job and files
Keeping accounts of resource usage
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Operating systems
The operating system is an essential component of thesystem
softwarein a computer system. Application programs usually
require an operating system to function.
Time-sharingoperating systems, schedule tasks for efficient use
of the system and may also include accounting for cost allocation
of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output andmemory
allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between
programs and the computer hardware
Operating systems can be found on almost any device that
contains a computerfromcellular phonesandvideo game
consolestosupercomputersandweb servers.
Examples of popular modern operating systems
includeAndroid,BSD,iOS,GNU/Linux,OS X,QNX,Microsoft
Windows
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Basic Input-Output
System(BIOS)
BIOS is a small program to start and control
a computer
When a computer is switched on, BIOS
instructions are retrieved and start
executing
This process is called booting of the system
Major functions of BIOS
Interpreting your keystrokes on the keyboard
and storing data typed in main memory
Controlling of display and printer
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BIOS
BIOS is a firmware software
permanently stored on ROM and
cannot be modified by user
DEVICE DRIVER- A new I/O device
needs a software to be run for the
computer to recognize the new
device

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Types of operating systems

Real-time
Areal-time operating systemis a multitasking
operating system that aims at executing real-time
applications.
Real-time operating systems often use specialized
scheduling algorithms so that they can achieve a
deterministic nature of behavior. The main
objective of real-time operating systems is their
quick and predictable response to events.
An event-driven system switches between tasks
based on their priorities or external events while
time-sharing operating systems switch tasks
based on clock interrupts.
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Types of operating systems

Amulti-useroperating system allows
multiple users to access a computer
system at the same time.
Time-sharing systems and Internet servers
can be classified as multi-user systems as
they enable multiple-user access to a
computer through the sharing of time.
Single-user operating systems have only
one user but may allow multiple programs
to run at the same time.
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Types of operating systems

Multi-tasking vs. single-tasking
Amulti-taskingoperating system allows more than one program to
be running at the same time
single-tasking system has only one running program. Multi-tasking
can be of two types: pre-emptive and co-operative. In pre-emptive
multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates
one slot to each of the programs.
Unix-like operating systems such as Solaris and Linux support preemptive multitasking.
Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to
give time to the other processes in a defined manner.
16-bitversions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking.
32-bitversions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used pre-emptive
multi-tasking.
Mac OS prior to OS X used to support cooperative multitasking.

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Types of operating systems

Distributed OS
A distributed operating system manages a
group of independent computers and makes
them appear to be a single computer.
The development of networked computers
that could be linked and communicate with
each other gave rise to distributed computing.
Distributed computations are carried out on
more than one machine.
When computers in a group work in
cooperation, they make a distributed system.
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Types of operating systems

Embedded
Embedded operating systemsare designed
to be used inembedded computer
systems. They are designed to operate on
small machines like PDAs with less
autonomy. They are able to operate with a
limited number of resources. They are very
compact and extremely efficient by design.
Windows CE and Minix 3 are some
examples of embedded operating systems.
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Data, Information
Datais a collection of raw
unprocessed facts, figures, and
symbols
Computers process data to create
information
Informationis data that is
organized, meaningful, and useful.
To process data into information, a
computer uses hardware and
software
IT for Management

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Information Technology
Information Technology (IT) may be
defined as the technology which is
used to acquire, store, organize and
process data to a form which can be
in specified applications and
disseminate the processed data.
Information is processed data, based
on which decisions can be taken and
appropriate actions initiated.
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Data and Information

expens
es
Write in a
diary

Add
expenses
each day

Total daily
expense to
budget

data

Stored
Data

Processing

Informatio
n

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Another example for data and

information
Marks obtained by students in an
examination
Create a chart for comparison or
categorizing marks into different
ranges

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Types of Data
Data
1.
2.
3.
4.

Text
Picture or image
Audio or sound
Video or moving pictures

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Text data
Word processing
Text Input +
commands for
formatting

Word
Processing
Program

Formatted
output

dictionary

IT for Management

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Image Data
Fingerprint Recognition
Photo Album
House Plan

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Audio Data
Flight Data Recorder
Digital Audio Recording
Music Synthesis
Internet Telephone
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Video Data
Movie Applications
Giving color to old black and white
movies
dubbing to another language

Image Morphing
Transformation of one type of image to
another

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Data processing

Data processingis "the collection and

manipulation of items of data to produce
meaningful information"
Data processing work consists of input,
manipulation and output operations
Input activities- Data must be originated or
captured in some form for processing, can be
captured directly into machine or hard copy
Manipulative operations
1.
2.
3.
4.

Classifying
Sorting
Calculating
Summarizing
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1. Classifying
Identifying and arranging items with
like characteristics into groups is
called classifying
Grouping into different data types
2. Sorting
. Arrange in a predetermined
sequence to facilitate processing
. Sorting is done by number as well
as alphabet
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Output record
1. Communicating

The information must be communicated

to the user in a usable form (through
printed reports or soft copy)

2. Storing

Storing for future data

3. Retrieving

Recovering from stored data

4. Reproducing

Copy or Duplicate data

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Data Processing using a

computer
1. Analyse Data, understand what to
be done
2. Find a method to do the task
3. Write algorithm- step by step
English like sentences describing
how the task can be done
4. Flowchart- Pictorial representation
5. Convert to a Program using a
suitable programmable language

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Data Processing using a

computer
6. Execute the program
7. When Read data command
executed, key in data
8. The processed data(information) in
the form of a report will be available
through the output unit (monitor,
printer) or can be sent to another
computer
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Computers in Business

Office Automation
Communication
Information Sharing
Decision making
customer services
financial management
Human Resources management

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What is Internet?

Internet got from words Interconnection

and network .
Network A network is a group of
computers that are connected together for
sharing information and resources.(internet)
The Internet refers to millions of
computers connected in a gigantic network
which communicate via TCP/IP protocol.
The Internet is a global system of
interconnected computer networks .
It is a network of networks.

What is Internet?
It consists of millions of private and public,
academic, business, and government
networks.
that are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic
cables, wireless connections, and other
technologies.
This collection of computers stores immense
quantity of information.
No owner for Internet.
No single governing body that controls what
happens on the internet.

How do Internet differ from other networks?

It is the biggest network in the

world
Freely accessible to the public.

History Of Internet
The US Department of Defence laid the
foundation of the Internet.
In 1969, ARPANET was created by ARPA
(Advanced Research Project Agency).
Aim
to help the researchers communicate with
each other
Develop a geographically dispersed reliable
communication network for military use
It should not get destructed by nuclear
attack.

History Of Internet

ARPANET first wide area packet

switched network.
Data in small packets can take different
routes to reach the destination.
Each packet contains serial number and
destination address, error checking
codes.
If a packet is lost , need to resend only
that packet.
ARPANET ran under a control program
called the Network Control Program later
replaced by TCP/IP.

History Of Internet
In 1980 the DoD assigned ARPA
project to NSF (National Science
Foundation)
NSF developed NSFNET based on
packet switching technology
connecting five supercomputers
sharing information among
universities.
NSFNET became popular and
sucesssful.

History Of Internet
Many organizations began to connect and
adhere to packet switching protocol(now
known as Internet protocol)
It expanded to business, universities,
government and military installations plus
thousands of other networks which made
up what has become the largest network
of networks INTERNET

Internet Services and Accessibility

Electronic Mail
e commerce
Mobile commerce
USENET newsgroups- Electronic
bulletin board service.
Real time communications chat
,video conferencing

Internet Services and Accessibility

File Transfer Protocol(FTP).

Telnet,ssh Remote login .
Gopher menu driven document
system
World Wide Web Documents and files of various types
connected using hypertext links to
create a web like structure.
These documents are accessed by
addresses called Uniform Resource
Locators(URLs)

Internet Access
Access to internet provided by
ISP(Internet Service Provider).
Company which provides internet
connection to users

Home PC connected to Internet

through telephone using modem.
(modulator demodulator).

Internet Connection
Two types of internet connections
Dial up connections and High speed
connections.
Dial up : Less expensive
Modem connected to phone system
Software for using the modem
Connection by dialling to ISP
Most ISPs provide 56 K connection.

High speed connection

Information travels quickly
4 types of high speed connections
Digital Subscriber Lines(DSL)
computer is always connected to internet.
digital data send through phone lines

Cables:
No interference for telephone calls
Internet signal on TV cable network

High speed connection

4 types of high speed connections

(contd.)
Satellite
Connection needs phone line to send
information
data from satellite at high speed.

ISDN:
Integrated Services Digital Network
International communications standard
for sending voice,video and data over
telephone lines

Uses of the Internet

Telecommuting , online conferencing.

Business, advertising, online shopping.
News, jobs, softwares.
Online courses, virtual classrooms.
Government services, politics and
national defense.
Electronic publishing(magazines,
newspapers).
Entertainment
Scholarly research
Correspondence (email,chat)

World Wide Web -- WEB

Concepts
The World Wide Web allows users to locate
and view over the internet multimedia
based documents.
Graphics capabilities implemented using
HTML.
It is an international hypertext system that
links together millions of documents.
HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) is a
collection of tags to create formatted
hypertext documents.
WWW came into being in 1991.

World Wide Web

A web page is a document created
using HTML.
A website is a collection of related
pages.
Web pages are stored in the Web
Server on the internet.
A web browser is a program that
displays the web pages it retrieves.

How the web works when an address

is typed
A user enters a URL into a browser
This request is passed to a domain name
server
The domain name server returns an IP
address for the server that hosts the web
site
The browser requests the page from the web
server using the IP address.
The web server returns the page to the
browser

How the Web works?

After getting the IP address the request is sent
to the server using a standard called HyperText
Transfer Protocol.
When a request is made the server usually logs
the clients IP address, the document requested
and the date and time it was requested.
Every computer that is connected to the internet
is given a unique address.
Address made up of four numbers between 0
and 256 seperated by periods, e.g
192.122.135.117.
This number is called IP address.

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Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing is the internet-based storage for files,
applications, and infrastructure. One could say cloud
computing has been around for many years, but now a
company may buy or rent space for their daily
operations.
Load one application (interface software) which will allow
workers to use a Web-based service which hosts all the
programs the user would need for his or her job
Major cloud computing advantages include:
Less maintenance: Hardware, applications and bandwidth are
managed by the provider.
Continuous availability: Public cloud services are available
wherever you are located.
Scalability: Pay only for the applications and data storage you
need.

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Types of Cloud Computing

Software as a Service (Saas)
provides licensed multi-tenant access to software
and its functions remotely as a Web-based service.

Platforms as a Service (Paas)

provides all of the facilities required to support the
complete life cycle of building and delivering web
applications and services entirely from the Internet

Infrastructure as a Service (Iaas)

delivery of technology infrastructure as an on
demand scalable service

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Deployment Models
Public cloud
Public cloud (off-site and remote) describes cloud
computing where resources are dynamically provisioned on
an on-demand, self-service basis over the Internet, via web
applications/web services, open API, from a third-party
provider who bills on a utility computing basis.
Private cloud
A private cloud environment is often the first step for a
corporation prior to adopting a public cloud initiative.
Corporations have discovered the benefits of consolidating
shared services on virtualized hardware deployed from a
primary datacenter to serve local and remote users.

Deployment Models
Hybrid cloud
A hybrid cloud environment consists of some portion of
computing resources on-site (on premise) and off-site (public
cloud). By integrating public cloud services, users can
leverage cloud solutions for specific functions that are too
costly to maintain on-premise such as virtual server disaster
recovery, backups and test/development environments.
Community cloud
A community cloud is formed when several organizations
with similar requirements share common infrastructure.
Costs are spread over fewer users than a public cloud but
more than a single tenant.

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Assignment 1
Application of Computers in Business

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