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A PowerPoint Tutorial
To Accompany
Mannig J. Simidian
Chapter Two
Income, Expenditure,
And the Circular Flow
Two ways
of viewing GDP
Households
Firms
Goods
Expenditure $
$1.00
Chapter Two
YY =
= CC +
+ II +
+G
G+
+ NX
NX
Totaldemand
demand
Total
fordomestic
domestic
for
output(GDP)
(GDP)
output
composed
isiscomposed
of
of
Investment
Investment
spendingby
by
spending
businessesand
and
businesses
households
households
Consumption
Consumption
spendingby
by
spending
households
households
Government
Government
purchasesof
ofgoods
goods
purchases
andservices
services
and
Netexports
exports
Net
ornet
netforeign
foreign
or
demand
demand
11
AAMankiw
Mankiw
Macroeconomics
Macroeconomics
Case
CaseStudy
Study
12
YY =
= CC +
+ II +
+G
G+
+ NX
NX
$45,707
$45,707 =
= $32,144
$32,144 +
+ $7,052
$7,052 +
+ $8,854
$8,854 +
+ $2,343
$2,343
Note: The numbers above must be multiplied by the U.S. Population
302 million to obtain the totals for the above national income
Chapter Two
accounts identity Y = C + I + G + NX.
Net
Net National
National is
is approximately
approximately equal
equal to
to
another
another measure
measure called
called national
national
income.
income. The
The two
two differ
differ by
by aa small
small
correction
correction called
called the
the statistical
statistical
discrepancy,
discrepancy, which
which arises
arises because
because
different
different data
data sources
sources may
may not
not be
be
completely
completely consistent.
consistent.
Chapter Two
15
Chapter Two
16
17
Chapter Two
18
The GDP deflator measures the prices of all goods produced, whereas
the CPI measures prices of only the goods and services bought by
consumers. Thus, an increase in the price of goods bought only by firms
or the government will show up in the GDP deflator, but not in the CPI.
Also, another difference is that the GDP deflator includes only those
goods and services produced domestically. Imported goods are not a
part of GDP and therefore dont show up in the GDP deflator.
The final difference is the way the two aggregate the prices in the
economy. The CPI assigns fixed weights to the prices of different
goods, whereas the GDP deflator assigns changing weights.
Chapter Two
19
Chapter Two
Labor Force
100
Adult Population
20
The Bureau
Labor
Statistics
Labor Force = 147.4 millio
Unemployment rate =
5.5%
Labor Force Participa
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) computes these statistics for the
overall population and for groups within the population: men
and women, whites and blacks, teenagers and prime-age workers. In
2008, the statistics broke down as follows:
Labor Force = 145.0 + 10.1 = 155.1 million
Unemployment rate = (10.1/155.1) x 100 = 6.5%
Labor-Force Participation Rate = (155.1/234.6) x 100 = 66.1%
Hence, about two-thirds of the adult population was in the labor force,
and about 6.5 percent of those in the labor force did not have a job.
Chapter Two
21
Chapter Two
23