|

 

 If time did not exist, what would your life be

like?
 ›


 ²ext time ² Computer Lab

 
  
 
 6 
 §§§
Setting a schedule and beginning a research
journal
 §§§
Finding a researchable subject and question
 §§§
Developing a research strategy
 6 
 §§§

Finding sources, both print and electronic, and
§§§
making a working bibliography
 §§§
Evaluating and synthesizing sources
 §§§
Mining and interacting with sources, often using
summary,, paraphrase, and direct quotation
summary
 6 
 §§§
Taking steps to avoid plagiarism
 §§§
Developing a thesis statement
 §§§
Creating a structure
 §§§

Drafting the paper, integrating summaries,
paraphrases,, and direct quotations into your
paraphrases
ideas
 6 
 §§§
Revising and editing the paper
 §§§ 
Citing sources in your text
 §§§ 
Preparing the list of works cited
 §§§ 
Preparing and proofreading the final manuscript
 §§§ Final paper due
 à
›6

 ›mple Sources of information available
 Pose a research question
 Technology
 When is technology bad? What makes it good? Is there
such a thing as too much? What·s it·s purpose? Should it
be available to all people regardless of income? What will
our future really be like if we let it go unencumbered?
 Death
 Should we let sick people use assisted suicide methods?
Why are we afraid of death? If death is part of life, why is
it hidden and grieved? How far should life be extended?
 à
›6

 Research a wide variety of sources
 Take notes as you research ² either on paper or
on your computer

 e sure to include the vital statistics of your
sources:
 Date and city of publication, Date accessed (if internet)
 Publisher, ook Title, ›rticle page number, title of article,
 author·s name, editor·s name, internet site name
  
   
 Reread the assignment to review your instructor·s
criteria

 Write a quick two-
two- or three-
three-paragraph summary of
what the paper will be about

 Start with the section of the paper you feel most
confident about

  
   
 Work in chunks, one unit or principal idea at a time

 Center each section on an idea of your own

 Take great care in working with source material

 Insert source citations into the draft as you quote,

paraphrase, or summarize

 

   
 ›ssignment
 How does the draft satisfy all of the criteria stated
in your instructor·s assignment?
 Thesis statement

 Does it describe your subject and your

perspective?
 Structure

 Does borrowed material illuminate and support

your own idea? Will the arrangement of ideas be
clear to readers?
 

   
 Evidence
 Where might readers need more evidence in order
to accept your idea? Where might the evidence
seem weak or irrelevant?
 Reasonableness and clarity

 How reasonable will readers find your arguments?

Where do you need to define terms or concepts
that readers may not know or may dispute?
 
 6 
 Primary sources are considered the best place to
gather academic research

 Primary sources are the journals and books
where academics and scientists publish the
results of their experiments and studies

 The articles in these journals are written by the
people who did the studies or by experts who
have studied a topic for decades

 
 6 
 These are the journals and books that you are
expected to use for academic research

 Government websites and websites run my
managing organizations (such as the website for
the ›merican Ivy Society, for a paper on ivy) are
also considered primary research, so don't
overlook these sources

 6 6 
 Popular magazines, websites, books, and
newspapers are secondary sources of
information

 They take the information published in scholarly
journals and make it available to consumers

 They usually quote the scholarly journals or
books that published the information originally,
adding explanations to make the information
easier to understand or relate to

 |
6 

 Directories that review sites
 L link (bubl
ac
uk
link)
 Internet Public Library (www
ipl
org/div/subject)

 Internet Scout Project (scout
wisc
edu
/archives)

 Librarians· Index to the Internet (lii
org)

 The most advanced and efficient engines

 ›lltheWeb (alltheweb
com)
 Google (www
google
com)
 |
6 

 ther engines
 ›ltaVista (www
altavista
com)
 ›sk Jeeves (www
ask
com)

 Dogpile (www
dogpile
com)

 Excite (excite
com)

 Lycos (lycos
com)

 MetaCrawler (metacrawler
com)

 Yahoo! (yahoo
com)
   
6 
 Relevance
 Does the source devote some attention to your
subject?
 Is the source appropriately specialized for your
needs?
 Is the source up to date enough for your subject?
   
6 
 Reliability
 Where does the source come from?
 Is the author an expert in the field?

 What is the author·s bias?

 Is the source fair and reasonable?

 Is the source well written?

   
|
6

 What type of site are you viewing?
 Who is the author or sponsor?

 What is the purpose of the site?

 What does context tell you?

 What does presentation tell you?

 How worthwhile is the content?

 6  
 Summaries condense and encapsulate another
piece of writing

 Summaries are most useful when you want to
record the gist of an author·s idea without the
background or supporting evidence

 Summaries are objective, concise and complete

 6    
   

 
› recent Rand study, with research
supported by the Markle Foundation, concluded
that in the foreseeable future the free market is
likely to deliver email to only half of ›merica

Without induced subsidies, perhaps from
Internet access fees, the computer industry may
never produce the inexpensive technologies that
would enable technology to bring email into the
home

 6  
› Rand study says government direction and
subsidy may be required to make email
technology universal and accessible to all
(Frankel )

   
 ›n idea restated in someone else·s words
 ²ot necessarily shorter than the original
 Does not distort the original
     
 riginal
 ´The Serbian campaign, however, had never been
more than a slideshow to ›ustria·s great battle on its
northern frontier with Russian Poland
² John
Keegan, ]
 
 ( )
 Paraphrase
 John Keegan observes in his history ]
 

 that ›ustria·s battle with Poland overshadowed
in importance the fighting that took place in Serbia
( )
(Works Cited would have complete
documentation)
 
  

 When borrowing from other writers, use direct
quotations sparingly, relying more on summary
and paraphrase

 Reserve Direct Quotations for sentences in
which the words cannot be changed without
altering the meaning or the effect you want to
produce

 Examples include highly technical phrases,
expert opinions, and ideas aptly phrased

 ›   

  

 riginal
 The opening phrase of the Galician battle was, in
consequence, to be confused and indecisive
It was
a useless effort often seen as one executed more for
reasons of pride than of truth

 Direct Quote
 ´The opening phrase of the Galician battle was, in
consequence, to be confused and indecisive
(Keegan )

    
  
  
6 6 
 The author·s original satisfies one of these
requirements:
 The language is unusually bold or inventive

 The quotation cannot be paraphrased without
distortion or loss of meaning

 The author·s words are at issue in your
interpretation

    
  
  
6 6 
 The quotation represents and emphasizes a body
of opinion or the view of an important expert

 The quotation emphatically reinforces your own
idea

 The quotation is a graph, diagram, or table

 The quotation is as short as possible:

 It includes only material relevant to your point

 It is edited to eliminate examples and other
unneeded material


 
  
 severbs that convey information about
source authors· attitudes or approaches

approaches

 See next slide
›
 ›
  ›

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݈
 ›

 



 Type of source
 ›re you using

 your own independent material,

 common knowledge, or

 someone else·s independent material?

 You must acknowledge someone else·s material

݈
 ›

 


 Quotations
 Do all quotations exactly match their sources?

 Have you inserted quotation marks around

quotations that are run into your text?
 Have you shown omissions with ellipsis marks and
additions with brackets?
 Does every quotation have a source citation?
݈
 ›

 


 Paraphrases and summaries
 Have you used your own words and sentence
structure for every paraphrase and summary? If not,
use quotation marks around the original author·s
words

 Does every paraphrase and summary have a source
citation?
݈
 ›

 


 The Web
 Have you obtained any necessary permission to use
someone else·s material on the Web?
 Source citations

 Have you acknowledged every use of someone else·s

material in the place where you use it?
 Does your list of works cited include all the sources
you have used?
  

  
 riginal
 The character and mentality of the keepers may be
of more importance in understanding prisons than
the character and mentality of the kept

 Plagiarism
 ut the character of prison officials (the keepers) is
more important in understanding prisons than the
character of prisoners (the kept)

 


 ›ccording to one critic of the penal system,
´The character and mentality of the keepers
may be of more importance in understanding
prisons than the character and mentality of the
kept (Mitford )

 ÷
   ÷


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