By

DAVID VERGHESE
RAJATH S R

 THE TERM RESONANCE IS (FROM LATIN

RESONANTIA, ECHO, FROM RESONARE,
RESOUND) ORIGINATES FROM THE FIELD OF
ACOUSTICS.
RESONANCE IS A PHENOMENON THAT
OCCURS WHEN A VIBRATING SYSTEM OR
EXTERNAL FORCE DRIVES ANOTHER SYYTEM
TO OSCILLATE WITH GREATER AMPLITUDE AT
A SPECIFIC PREFERENTIAL AMPLITDE.

RESONANT FREQUENCY
FREQUENCIES AT WHICH THE
RESPONSE AMPLITUDE IS
RELATIVE MAXIMUM ARE
KNOWN AS SYSTEMS
RESONANT FREQUENCIES
OR RESONANCE
FREQUENCIES.
AT RESONANT
FREQUENCIES, SMALL
PERIODIC DRIVING FORCES
HAVE THE ABILITY TO
PRODUCE LARGE
AMPLITUDEOSCILLATIONS.
THIS IS BECAUSE THE
SYSTEM STORES
VIBRATIONAL ENERGY.

RESONANCE
BETWEEN TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT STORAGE
MODES. HOWEVER THERE ARE SOME LOSSES
FROM CYCLE TO CYCLE , CALLED DAMPING. WHEN
DAMPING IS SMALL, RESONANT FREQUENCY IS
APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO NATURAL FREQUENCY
OF THE SYSTEM, WHICH IS THE FREQUENCY OF
THE UNFORCED VIBRATIONS. SOME SYSTEMS
HAVE MULTIPLE, DISTINCT, RESONANT
FREQUENCIES.

 The exact response of a resonance, especially for frequencies far

from the resonant frequency, depends on the details of the physical
system, and is usually not exactly symmetric about the resonant
frequency, as illustrated for the simple harmonic oscillator above.
For a lightly damped linear oscillator with a resonance frequency ,
the intensity of oscillations I when the system is driven with a
driving frequency is typically approximated by a formula that is
symmetric about the resonance frequency.
The intensity is defined as the square of the amplitude of the
oscillations. This is a Lorentzian function, and this response is found
in many physical situations involving resonant systems. is a
parameter dependent on the damping of the oscillator, and is
known as the linewidth of the resonance. Heavily damped
oscillators tend to have broad linewidths, and respond to a wider
range of driving frequencies around the resonant frequency. The
linewidth is inversely proportional to the Q factor, which is a
measure of the sharpness of the resonance.
In electrical engineering, this approximate symmetric response is
known as the universal resonance curve, a concept introduced by
Frederick E. Terman in 1932 to simplify the approximate analysis of
radio circuits with a range of center frequencies and Q values.

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RESPONSE SPECTRUM
A response spectrum is simply a plot of the peak
or steady-state response (displacement, velocity or
acceleration) of a series of oscillators of varying
natural frequency, that are forced into motion by the
same base vibration or shock. The resulting plot can
then be used to pick off the response of any linear
system, given its natural frequency of oscillation.
One such use is in assessing the peak response of
buildings to earthquakes. The science of strong
ground motion may use some values from the
ground response spectrum (calculated from
recordings of surface ground motion from
seismographs) for correlation with seismic damage.

RESPONSE SPECTRUM

BY:

DAVID VERGHESE
1AA12AT018
RAJATH.S.R
1AA12AT055