DATABASE ENVIRONMENT

Dream World Case Study

Real World entities Staff, property, Owner and
Renters
Attributes describing properties or qualities of
each entity
Relationships between these entities (Staff
MANAGES Property)

ANSI-SPARC three-level
architecture
View 1

View 2
Conceptual
schema
Internal schema

Database
American National Standard Institute (ANSI)Standards Planning and Requirements Committee (SPARC)

View n

External
Level
Conceptual
Level
Internal
Level

 EXTERNAL LEVEL
Users view of the database
Part of the database that is relevant to a user

CONCEPTUAL LEVEL
Community view of the database
What data is stored in the database
Relationships among the data
Entities, their attributes and relationships
Security and integrity information

INTERNAL LEVEL
Physical representation of the database on the
computer
Internal level

Storage space allocation of data and indexes

Record description for storage
Record placement (pointers)
Data compression and encryption techniques

Differences between the three levels

External View 1

External View 2

Sno Staff_No Fname Lname Age Salary

Conceptual
level

Staff_No Lname Branch_No

Staff_No Fname Lname DOB Salary Branch_No

Struct STAFF {
int Staff_No;
int Branch_No;

Internal level

char Fname[15];
char Lname[15];
struct date Date_of_Birth;
float salary;
struct STAFF *next;
};

//pointer to next staff record

DATA INDEPENDENCE
Logical Data Independence: Possibility for
addition/removal of new entities, attributes
or relationships
Physical Data Independence: Possibility for
changes to storage structures

Data Independence
External
schema
External/ conceptual
mapping
Conceptual/ Internal
mapping

External
schema

External
schema
Logical data independence

Conceptual
schema

Physical data independence

Internal
schema

Database Languages
Data definition Language (DDL):
A descriptive language
Name the entities and relationships

Data Manipulation Language (DML):

Data Manipulation Operations:

Insertion of new data

Modification of data
Retrieval of data
Deletion of data

DMLTypes
Procedural DML:
What data is needed
How to retrieve this? (record by record)

Non-Procedural DML:
What data is needed rather than how to retrieve
it. (based on set of records)

4GL
Query languages, Form generators, Report generators.
Specialty languages such as spreadsheets and database
languages
Application generators (define, insert, update and
retrieve data)
Program Generators
Graphics generators

Data Model
An integrated collection of concepts
For describing data
Relationships
Constraints

Object Based Data Models

Entity
Attributes
Behavior

Record Based Data Model

Relational, Network, Hierarchical, Multidimensional

Network Data Model

Relational Data Model

Multidimensional Data Model

Object Oriented Data Model

Functions of a DBMS
1) Data storage, retrieval and update
2) A user accessible catalog
System Catalog stores :

Names, sizes and types of data items

Names of relationships
Integrity constraints
Names of authorized users who have access
External, conceptual and internal schemas
Usage statistics

(Functions contd)
2) A user accessible catalog (contd.)
Benefits of a System catalog:

Collection and storage at one place

Meaning of the data can be referred
Communication is simplified
Redundancy and inconsistencies can be identified more easily
Changes to the database can be recorded
Security
Integrity

3) Transaction Support
4) Concurrency control services

The Lost Update Problem

Time

T1

t1

T2

balx

read (balx)

100

t2

real (balx)

balx = balx +100

100

t3

balx=balx-10

write (balx )

200

t4

write (balx )

t5

90
90

(Functions contd)
5) Recovery services
6) Authorization services
7) Support for data communication
8) Integrity services
9) Service to promote data independence.
10) Utility services

Components of a DBMS

Programmers
Application
Programs
DBMS

Users
Queries

DBA
Database
schema

DML
Preprocessor

Query
Processor

DDL
Compiler

Program
object code

Database
Manager

Dictionary
Manager

Access
methods
System
buffers

File
Manager
Database and
system catalog

Components of a database manager

Program Object
Code
Database manager
Integrity
Checker

Data manager
Access
Methods
System buffers

Query
processor

Catalog
Manager

Authorization
Control
Command
processor

Query
Optimizer

Transaction
Manager

Scheduler

Buffer
Manager

Recovery
Manager

File
Manager

Databases and
system catalogs

Teleprocessing Topology

File Server architecture

Workstation 2

Workstation 1
Workstation 3

A Large amount of network

traffic
A full copy of DBMS is
required on each workstation

LAN

Concurrency, recovery and

integrity control are more
complex

Request for data

database

File Server

Client Server architecture

Client 2

Client 1

Client 3

LAN
Request for data
Server (with
DBMS)

Selected data returned

database

Alternate client-server topologies

client

Server

Single Client Single Server

Server

Multiple Client
- Single Server

Client 1
Client 2

Client 1

Multiple Client Server 1 Multiple Server

Client 2
Client 3

Server 2

Summary of Client server applications

Client
Manages the user
interface
Accepts and check
syntax of user input
Process application
Generates database
requests and transmits
to the server
Passes response back
to user

Server
Accepts and processes database
requests from clients
Checks authorization
Ensures integrity constraints not
violated
Performs query/ update processing
and transmits response to client
Maintains system catalog
provides concurrent database access
Provides recovery control