Operators
Operators are the symbols that are used to
perform certain operation on data
C++ provides variety of operator
Arithmetic operator
Relational operator
Logical operators
Bitwise operators
Arithmetic operators
The five arithmetical operations supported by
the C++ language are
Arithmetic operator is a symbol that perform
mathematical operation on data
Example
+ for addition e.g. a+b
- for subtraction e.g. a-b
* for multiplication e.g. a*b
/ for division e.g. a/b
%for modulo e.g. a%b
%for modulo
Modulo is the operation that gives the
remainder of a division of two values. For
example, if we write:
a = 11 % 3;
The variable a will contain the value 2, since
2 is the remainder from dividing 11 between
3.
Question
Write a program that performs all
mathematical operation on two variables
Assignment (=)
The assignment operator assigns a value to a
variable. a = 5;
This statement assigns the integer value 5 to the
variable a.
The part at the left of the assignment operator (=) is
known as the lvalue (left value) and the right one as
the rvalue (right value).
The lvalue has to be a variable whereas the rvalue
can be either a constant, a variable, the result of an
operation or any combination of these.
The most important rule when assigning is the rightto-left rule: The assignment operation always takes
place from right to left, and never the other way:
Example
// assignment operator
#include <iostream>
int main ()
{ int a, b;
a = 10;
b = 4;
A=b
b = 7;
cout << "a:";
cout << a;
cout << " b:";
cout << b;
return 0; }
Compound Assignment
statement
An assignment that assign a value to many
variables is known as compound assignment
operator.
Example
A=b=20
X=y=z=100
Compound assignment
Operator
When we want to modify the value of a
variable by performing an operation on the
value currently stored in that variable we can
use compound assignment operators:
C++ provide Compound assignment
Operator that combine assignment operator
with arithmetic operator
Syntax
Variable op=expression
Example
N+=10 = N=N+1
List of Compound assignment Operator
(+=, -=, *=, /=, %=, >>=, <<=, &=, ^=, |=)
Example
int main ()
{ int a, b=3;
a = b; a+=2; // equivalent to a=a+2
cout << a;
return 0; }
Example
Prefix
B=3;
A=--B;
// A contains 2, B contains 2
Postfix
B=3;
A=B--;
// A contains 3, B contains 2
Relational and equality
operators
In order to evaluate a comparison between
two expressions we can use the relational
and equality operators.
The result of a relational operation is a
Boolean value that can only be true or false,
according to its Boolean result.
We may want to compare two expressions,
for example, to know if they are equal or if
one is greater than the other is.
Example
==Equal to
!=Not equal to
>Greater than
<Less than
>=Greater than or equal to
<=Less than or equal to
Example
7 == 5) // evaluates to false.
(5 > 4) // evaluates to true.
(3 != 2) // evaluates to true.
(6 >= 6) // evaluates to true.
(5 < 5) // evaluates to false.
Example 2
(a == 5) // evaluates to false since a is not
equal to 5.
(a*b >= c) // evaluates to true since (2*3 >= 6)
is true.
(b+4 > a*c) // evaluates to false since (3+4 >
2*6) is false.
((b=2) == a) // evaluates to true.
Be careful
The operator = (one equal sign) is not the same as
the operator == (two equal signs)
the first one is an assignment operator (assigns the
value at its right to the variable at its left)
and the other one (==) is the equality operator that
compares whether both expressions in the two sides
of it are equal to each other.
Thus, in the last expression ((b=2) == a), we first
assigned the value 2 to b and then we compared it
to a, that also stores the value 2, so the result of the
operation is true.
Logical operators ( !, &&, || )
The Operator ! is the C++ operator to perform
the Boolean operation NOT, it has only one
operand, located at its right, and the only
thing that it does is to inverse the value of it,
producing false if its operand is true and true
if its operand is false.
Basically, it returns the opposite Boolean
value of evaluating its operand.
logical operators && and ||
The logical operators && and || are used
when evaluating two expressions to obtain a
single relational result.
The operator && corresponds with Boolean
logical operation AND.
This operation results true if both its two
operands are true, and false otherwise.
Example
The following panel shows the result of
operator && evaluating the expression a &&
b:
&& OPERATOR
a
b
a && b
true
true
true
True
false false
False true false
False false false
Example 2
The operator || corresponds with Boolean logical
operation OR.
This operation results true if either one of its two
operands is true, thus being false only when both
operands are false themselves. Here are the
possible results of a || b:
&& OPERATOR
A
b
a || b
true true
true
True false
true
False true
true
False false
false
For example:
( (5 == 5) && (3 > 6) ) // evaluates to false
( true && false ).
( (5 == 5) || (3 > 6) ) // evaluates to true
( true || false ).
Precedence of operators
When writing complex expressions with several
operands, we may have some doubts about which
operand is evaluated first and which later. For
example, in this expression:
a=5+7%2
we may doubt if it really means:
a = 5 + (7 % 2) // with a result of 6,
or a = (5 + 7) % 2 // with a result of 0
The correct answer is the first of the two
expressions, with a result of 6.
Operator Precedence (contd.)
Example:
10 * (24 / (5 - 2) ) + 13
10 * ( 24 / 3 ) + 13
10 * 8 + 13
80 + 13
93
Operator Precedence (contd.)
The order of precedence in C ++
language is as follows:
Any expression given in parenthesis is
evaluated first.
Then multiplication * and division /
operators are evaluated.
Then plus + and minus operators are
evaluated.
In case of parenthesis within parenthesis,
the expression of the inner parenthesis will
be evaluated first.
Operator Associativity
The order in which operators has same
precedence are evaluated is known as
operator associativity.
If an expression contains some
operators that have same precedence
level, the expression is evaluated from
left-to-right or right-to-left.
Operator Associativity
(contd.)
Operator associativity in C ++ language
is as follows:
Operators
()
++(postfix)
-(postfix)
Associativity
Left-to-right
+(unary) -(unary) ++(prefix) -(prefix)
Left-to-right
*
+
=
Left-to-right
Left-to-right
Right-to-left
+=
-=
*=
/=
Lvalue and Rvalue
Lvalue
It is an operand that can be written on the
left side of assignment operator =.
Rvalue
It is an operand that can be written on the
right side of assignment operator =.
Example
a = 5 + 7 % 2;might be written either as:
a = 5 + (7 % 2);
a = (5 + 7) % 2;
Example 2
(a == 5) // evaluates to false since a is not
equal to 5.
(a*b >= c) // evaluates to true since (2*3 >= 6)
is true.
(b+4 > a*c) // evaluates to false since (3+4 >
2*6) is false.
((b=2) == a) // evaluates to true.
Escape Sequences
These are special characters used in control string to
modify the format of output.
Different escape sequences are as follows:
Escape Sequence
\a
\b
\f
\n
\t
\
\
Purpose
Alarm
Backspace
Form feed
Carriage return
Tab
Single quote
Double quote
Type casting
The process of converting the data type of a
value during execution is known as type
casting
Two types of type casting
Implicit type casting
Explicit type casting
Implicit type casting
Implicit type casting is performed
automatically by the c++ compiler.
Implicit Type Casting
It is performed automatically by C++
compiler. e.g. char + float float
Highest data type
long double
double
float
long
int
char
Lowest data type
Explicit type casting
Explicit type casting is performed by the
programmer
It is performed by using cast operator
The cast operator tells the computer to
convert the data type of a value
Syntax
(type) expression
Example
Float a,b
Int c;
A=10.3
B=5.2
c=(int)a % (int)b;
Cout<<c;
Result
Shows 0
The sizeof operator
The sizeof operator is used to find the size of any
data value
It gives the number of types occupied by the value
Syntax
Sizeof(operand)
Example
cout<<sizeof(int)
Result
comments
Comments are line of program that are not
executed
Compiler ignore comments and does not
include them in executable program
Comments can be added anywhere in
program in two ways
Single line comments \\
Multiline comments /*
*/
Basic Input/Output
The standard C++ library includes the header
file iostream, where the standard input and
output stream objects are declared.
Standard Input
The standard input device is usually the
keyboard. Handling the standard input in C++
is done by applying the overloaded operator
of extraction (>>) on the cin stream. The
operator must be followed by the variable that
will store the data that is going to be
extracted from the stream. For example:
int age; cin >> age;
Example
include <iostream>
int main ()
{ int i; cout << "Please enter an integer value: ";
cin >> i;
cout << "The value you entered is " << i;
cout << " and its double is " << i*2 << ".\n"; return
0; }
Lab work
Write a program that adds two floating point
numbers and shows the sum on screen
Write a program to calculate and print the
area of a square
C++ Manipulator
C++ manipulator are used to format the
output in different styles.
The manipulators are the most common way
to control output formatting
Endl
Setw
Showpoint
Endl manipulator
The endl stands for end line
The endl manipulator is used to move cursor
to the beginning of next line
Example
Cout<<hello<<endl<<comsats
Constants
It is a quantity that cannot be changed
during program execution.
Two types of constants.
Literal constant
Symbolic constant
Literal Constant
It is a value that is typed directly in a
program.
For example
int age = 19 ;
Types of Literal Constants
Integer constant
Floating point constant
Character constant
String constant
e.g. 87
e.g. 10.22F
e.g. A
e.g. Pakistan
Symbolic Constants
It is a name given to values that cannot
be changed.
It can be declared in two ways.
const Qualifier
e.g
const data_type identifier = value ;
const
int
N
= 100 ;
Define Directive
e.g
# define identifier
value ;
# define
Pl
3.141593 ;
Expression
It is a statement that evaluates to a
value.
It consists of operators and operands.
e.g
A+B;
Operands
Operator
Program
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
char ch1, ch2, sum;
ch1 = 2 ;
ch2 = 6 ;
sum = ch1 + ch2 ;
cout<<Sum =<<sum;
}
Output
104
Because ASCII values of 2 and6 are
50 and 54
Program
#include <iostream.h>
#incldue<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
short var1 = 32767;
cout << var1 << endl;
var1= var1 +1 ;
cout <<var1 << endl;
var1 = var1 - 1 ;
cout << var1 << endl;
getch();
}
Output
32767
- 32768
32767
Because range of short is -32768 to
32767.
Program
#include <iostream.h>
#incldue<conio.h>
#define PI 3.141
void main()
{
float r, area;
clrscr();
cout << Enter radius:;
cin>> r;
area = 2.0 * PI * r;
cout << Area= << area;
getch();
}
Output
User will give input, then Area will
be displayed on the screen.
Program
#include <iostream.h>
#incldue<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int a,b;
a = 10;
b = 5;
cout << a+b =<< a+b << endl;
cout << a-b =<< a-b << endl;
cout << a*b =<< a*b << endl;
cout << a/b =<< a/b << endl;
cout << a%b =<< a%b << endl;
getch();
}
Output
a+b =15
a-b =5
a*b =50
a/b =2
a%b =0
