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CENOZOIC:65.5-0.015
MESOZOIC:251-65.5
PALEOZOIC:542-251
PRECAMBRIAN:542-2500
ARCHEAN:2500-3600
What is Petroleum ?
Occurrence of Petroleum
Mode of Occurrence
Subsurface
occurrences,
including
minor
showings of oil and gas, pools, fields, and
provinces.
SURFACE OCCURENCES
SURFACE
OCCURENCES
CONCEPTS
Petroleum Generation
Type I/III
Type I
Type III
Type III
Type I/III
Type II/III
Type II/I
Type II
Type II/III
Type II/III
Type II
Main Forces
Production of Organic Matter (Biological
productivity)
Light
Nutrients
Oxygenated surface waters
Area
Preservation of Organic Matter
Water depth
Anoxic bottom waters
Sedimentation rate
Burial rate
Principal Factors
Responsible for
Organic Richness are:
Primary
productivity
Dilution
Preservation
Types of Kerogen
Type I kerogens follow the maturation
track of lacustrine oil shales
Track of type II kerogens is characteristic
of mainly marine but also some lacustrine
Track of type III kerogen is similar to van
Krevelens original coalification track
Type IV kerogen denotes
reworked/refractory OM
Kerogen
Type
TOC
(%w/w of
rock)
Initial
Potential
Hydrogen
Index
(S2, mg
HC/g
rock)
HI (mg
HC/g TOC)
IV
0 0.5
0 2.5
<50
Poor
III
0.5 1
2.5 5
50-200
Fair
II/III
1-2
5 10
200-300
Good
II
2 -4
10 20
300-600
Very Good
>4
>20
>600
Excellent
Hydrocarbon
Yield
Kerogen Types
Vitrinite
Reflectance
(%VRo)
Thermal Maturity
<435
0.25-0.55
Immature
435-445
0.55-0.65
Early Mature
445-450
0.65-0.9
Peak
450-470
0.9- 1.3
Late Mature
>470
>1.3
Post Mature
CONCEPTS
Petroleum Migration
England, 1990
Migrating fluids follow the path of least resistance: i.e. Lowest capillary
entry pressure, usually equated with highest permeability.
CONCEPTS
Petroleum Accumulation
The Reservoir
Sandstone Porosity
Porosity Nomenclature
Mainly two types:
Primary porosity :
Intergranular (or interparticle/ intercrystalline) &
organic porosity
Secondary porosity
Dissolution of detrital grains and cements
Fracturing after cementation
Vugs, molds, fenestral solution channels in carbonates
Vuggy
Porosity
Moldic
Porosity
Solution channel
Porosity
RESERVOIR ROCK
CC#21
CC#20
Reservoir architecture
Good communication
Isolated sands
Trap
3.
4.
Normal faults
Thrust faults
Structural
Traps
Salt diapir
Mud diapir
Listric faults
Basement high
Stratigraphic traps
Reef complex
Turbidites
Truncation trap
Onlap trap
Gas
Cap
Entrapment
Accumulation
Oil
Water
Seal Rock
Reservoir
Rock
Migration
120 F
80 C
Oil window
150 C
Generation
Source
Rock
350 F
24803
Seal
Reservoir
Thickness
Mineralogy
Permeability
Brittleness
Pressure
Accumulation
Structure
Thickness
Mineralogy
Porosity
Permeability
Pressure
Size
Relief
Type
Hydrocarbon
Charge
Thank You
Density/ API
Gravity
Pour point
Viscosity
Wax
content
CONCEPTS
Petroleum Systems
THE
PETROLEUM
GENETIC
RELATION
SYSTEM
EMPHASIZES
BETWEEN
THE
PARTICULAR
PETROLEUM SYSTEM
A
THAT
ARE
ESSENTIAL
FOR
PETROLEUM SYSTEM
CRITICAL MOMENT IS THAT POINT IN TIME SELECTED BY THE
INVESTIGATOR THAT BEST DEPICTS THE GENERATIONMIGRATION-ACCUMULATION OF MOST HYDROCARBONS IN A
PETROLEUM SYSTEM.
GEOGARAPHIC EXTENT OF THE PETROLEUM SYSTEM AT
CRITICAL MOMENT IS DEFINED BY A LINE THAT
CIRCUMSCRIBES THE POD OF ACTIVE SOURCE ROCK AND
INCLUDES ALL THE DISCOVERED PETROLEUM SHOWS,SEEPS
AND ACCUMULATIONS THAT ORIGINATED FROM THE POD.
PETROLEUM SYSTEM