POWER

QUALITY
ISSUES,PROBLEM
S

CONTENTS:INTRODUCTION.
WHAT IS POWER QUALITY?
POWER QUALITY
DEFINITIONS.
PQ PROBLEMS EVALUATION
PROCEDURE.
GRNERAL CLASSES OF PQ
PROBLEMS.
CATEGORIES.
SOURCES OF PQ PROBLEMS.
PQ MONITERING

INTRODUCTION:Load equipment, with

microprocessor-based controls and
power electronic devices.
The increasing emphasis on overall
power system efficiency.
Interruptions, sags, and switching
transients and are challenging the
utilities to improve the quality of power
delivered.

WHAT IS POWER QUALITY ????

Determines the fitness of
electricpowerto consumer devices.
Synchronization of the voltage
frequency and phase allows electrical
systems to function in their intended
manner without significant loss of
performance

POWER QUALITY: DEFINITIONS

The electrical network's or the grid's
ability to supply a clean and
stablepowersupply.
Ideally creates a perfectpower supply
that is always available, has a pure
noise-free sinusoidal wave shape, and is
always within voltage and frequency
tolerances.

PQ PROBLEMS EVALUATION
PROCEDURE

GENERAL CLASSES OF PQ
PROBLEMS:Conducted low-frequency phenomena
Harmonics,
Signal systems (power line carrier)
Voltage fluctuations (flicker)
Voltage dips and interruptions
Voltage imbalance (unbalance)
Power frequency variations
Induced low-frequency voltages
DC in ac networks

Radiated low-frequency phenomena

Magnetic fields
Electric fields
Conducted high-frequency
phenomena
Induced continuous-wave (CW)
voltages or currents
Unidirectional transients
Oscillatory transients

Radiated high-frequency phenomena

Magnetic fields
Electric fields
Electromagnetic fields
Continuous waves
Transients
Electrostatic discharge phenomena
(ESD)
Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP)

For steady-state phenomena, the

following attributes can be used:

Amplitude
Frequency
Spectrum
Modulation
Source impedance
Notch depth
Notch area

For non-steady-state phenomena,

other attributes may be required:

Rate of rise
Amplitude
Duration
Spectrum
Frequency
Rate of occurrence
Energy potential
Source impedance

CATEGORIES:1.0 Transients
1.1 Impulsive
1.1.1 Nanosecond
1.1.2 Microsecond
1.1.3 Millisecond
1.2 Oscillatory
1.2.1 Low frequency
1.2.2 Medium frequency
1.2.3 High frequency
2.0 Short-duration variations
2.1 Instantaneous
2.1.1 Interruption
2.1.2 Sag (dip)
2.1.3 Swell

2.2 Momentary
2.2.1 Interruption
2.2.2 Sag (dip)
2.2.3 Swell
2.3 Temporary
2.3.1 Interruption
2.3.2 Sag (dip)
2.3.3 Swell
3.0 Long-duration variations
3.1 Interruption, sustained
3.2 Undervoltages
3.3 Overvoltages
4.0 Voltage unbalance

5.0 Waveform distortion

5.1 DC offset Steady state
5.2 Harmonics
5.3 Interharmonics
5.4 Notching Steady state
5.5 Noise Broadband
6.0 Voltage fluctuations
7.0 Power frequency
variations

SOURCES OF PQ PROBLEMS:Utility Sources

Lightning
PF Correction
Equipment
Faults
Switching

Internal Sources

Individual Loads Lighting, Elevators,

Coolers, HVAC
Uninterruptible Power Supplies
Variable Frequency Drives
Battery Chargers
Large Motors During Startup
Electronic Dimming Systems
Lighting Ballasts (esp. Electronic)
Arc Welders, and Other Arc Devices
Medical Equipment, e.g. MRIs and XRay Machines
Office Equipment and Computers
Wiring

PQ MONITORING:Power Quality monitoring provides a continuous

Check of a facilitys power system
It provides data to see, diagnose and avert
looming problems

It defines what, when, and where a Power

Quality event occurred to prevent it from
reoccurring

What is needed for PQ Monitoring?

Be easy to use
PQ Monitors must detect Be Suitable for continuously
and record the 7 types
monitoring indoors and
of PQ problems
outdoors
Interface with standard PQ
Transients
analysis SoftwarePQDif
Interruptions
format
Sag/Under Voltage
Be fast enough to capture
Swell/Over Voltage
Waveform Distortion
high speed events that
Voltage Fluctuations
produce equipment problems
Frequency
Have enough storage to save
Variations
the waveforms you need
Have PQ analysis tools that
produce usable, actionable
recommendations

CONCLUSION:Basic Power Quality Issues , Problems and

Monitoring is studied in brief..

THANK U.....