MIMO Receiver Design

in the Presence of

Radio Frequency Interference

RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE (RFI)

RFI is a combination of independent radiation events, and predominantly

has non-Gaussian statistics.

 The key statistical-physical models used for RFI modeling are the
Middleton’s noise models .

 Middleton models are well-suited for modeling the predominantly non-

Gaussian random processes that arise from the nonlinear phenomena that
governs electromagnetic interference.
PROBLEMS FACED DUE TO RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE

Within computing platforms, wireless

transceivers experience radio frequency
interference from clocks and buses
INTERFERING CLOCKS AND BUSES IN WIRELESS STANDARDS

Standard Carrier Wireless Interfering Clocks and Busses

(GHz) Networking

Personal Area Gigabit Ethernet, PCI Express Bus,

Bluetooth 2.4
Network LCD clock harmonics

IEEE 802. 2.4 Wireless LAN Gigabit Ethernet, PCI Express Bus,
11 b/g/n (Wi-Fi) LCD clock harmonics

2.5–2.69 Mobile
IEEE 3.3–3.8 Broadband PCI Express Bus,
802.16e LCD clock harmonics
5.725–5.85 (Wi-Max)

IEEE Wireless LAN PCI Express Bus,

802.11a 5.2 (Wi-Fi) LCD clock harmonics
 STATISTICAL MODELING OF RFI

 Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)

 Sum of independent radiation events

 Predominantly non-Gaussian impulsive statistics

 Key Statistical-Physical Models

 Middleton Class Models

 Independent of physical conditions (Canonical)
 Sum of independent Gaussian and Poisson interference
 Model non-linear phenomenon governing RFI
 WHY MIDDLETON?

IT has been proved that Middleton models are well-suited

for modeling the predominantly non-Gaussian random
processes that arise from the nonlinear phenomena that
governs electromagnetic interference.

Middleton model are the most widely accepted model for

RFI primarily since these models are canonical, i.e. their
mathematical form is independent of the physical
environment.
 Middleton Class A model

Probability Density Function

z2
 m 
A
fZ (z)  eA  e 2  m2

m0 m ! 2  2
m

m

where  m2  A
1 

Parameter Description Range

Overlap Index. Product of average number of emissions per A  [10-2, 1]
A second and mean duration of typical emission
Gaussian Factor. Ratio of second-order moment of Gaussian Γ  [10-6, 1]
 component to that of non-Gaussian component
 Bivariate Middleton Class A Model
Joint spatial distribution

Parameter Description Typical Range

Overlap Index. Product of average number of emissions
per second and mean duration of typical emission

Ratio of Gaussian to non-Gaussian component intensity

at each of the two antennas

Correlation coefficient between antenna observations

 Estimation of Noise Model Parameters

Middleton Class A model

Expectation Maximization (EM)
Find roots of second and fourth order polynomials at each
iteration
Advantage: Small sample size is required (~1000 samples)
Disadvantage: Iterative algorithm, computationally
intensive