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PARAMAGNETISM
Table of contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Properties
Diamagnetic materials have a weak, negative susceptibility to
magnetic fields.
1. Diamagnetic materials are slightly repelled by a magnetic field
and the material does not retain the magnetic properties when
the external field is removed.
2. In diamagnetic materials all the electron are paired so there is
no permanent net magnetic moment per atom.
3. Diamagnetic properties arise from the realignment of the
electron paths under the influence of an external magnetic field.
4. Most elements in the periodic table, including copper, silver,
and gold, are diamagnetic.
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
1.Magnetization density
At T=0 the magnetization density M(H) of a quantummechanical system of volume V in an uniform magnetic field
H is defined to be:
2.The Susceptibility
The susceptibility is defined as:
4.2
Hunds First Rule
Out of many states one can form by placing n electrons into
the 2(2l+1) levels of the partially filled shells, those that lie
lowest in energy, have the largest total spin S ( that is
consistent with the exclusion principle.
Note: The largest value S can equal to the largest magnitude
that Sz can have.
If n2l+1, S=n: all electrons can have parallel spins without
multiple occupation of any one-electron level in the shell.
If n=2l+1, S=l+n: two electrons on a shell have opposite spins.
S is reduced form its maximum value by half a unit for each
electron after the (2l+1)th
5. Susceptibility of insulations
containing ions with a partially
filled shell:
Paramagnetism
5.1 If J=0
Consider the atoms with full the change of energy from ground
state. It mean that the shift of energy is given by:
5.2 J0
We only consider the first term of energy because is much
greater than the other two
The ground state is (2J+1)-fold degenerate in zero field
Evaluating and diagonalizing (2J+1)-dimentional square matrix
or
Thermal properties of
Paramagnetic insulators:
adiabatic demagnetization
Susceptibility of metals:
Pauli Paramagnetism
If the electrons interact with the field only through their magnetic
moments, the shift energy of each electronic level by BH
The magnetization:
The susceptibility is