GSM

Global System
for Mobiles
1

TOPICS

GSM CONCEPTS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
GSM CHANNELS
GSM RADIO LINK
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
CALL MANAGEMENT
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
2

Background to GSM

1G : Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

Analog, Circuit Switched, FDMA, FDD

2G : Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS)

Digital, Circuit Switched, FDMA, FDD

2G : Global System for Mobile (GSM)

Digital, Circuit Switched, FDMA and TDMA, FDD

2G : Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Digital, Circuit Switched, CDMA, FDD

GSM History

Development of the GSM Standard

1982:

Groupe Spcial Mobile (GSM)

created

1984:

Description of GSM features

1985:

List of recommendations settled

1987:

Initial MoU (Memorandum of

Understanding) aside the drafting
of technical specifications was
signed by network operators of 13
countries:

1988:

Validation and trials, of the radio

interface.

1991:

First system trials are

demonstrated at the Telecom 91
exhibition.

1992:

Official commercial launch of

GSM service in Europe. First
Launch in Finland

1993:
The GSM-MoU has 62
signatories in 39 countries
worldwide.
1995:

Specifications of GSM phase 2

are frozen.

1999:

GSM MoU joins 3GPP (UMTS)

GPRS Trials begins

2000:

480M GSM Network operators

Worldwide
First GPRS Networks roll out

End 2002: 792M GSM Net work

Operators Worldwide

Increasing GSM Data Rates

UMTS

photo

E/GPRS

video
clip

report

web

video
report clip

photo

ISDN

e-mail web

photo

PSTN

e-mail

web

GSM

e-mail

Transmission Time

10 sec

video
report clip
video
report clip

photo

web

photo

1 min

video
report clip

10 min

1 hour

GPRS = General Packet Radio Service

HSCSD = High Speed Circuit Switched Data
EDGE = Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution
UMTS = Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

Wireless Data Technology Options

2M
throughput kbps

1M

p
it
u
c
cir

100 k

64 k

10 k

1k

9.6

et
k
c
a
EDGE

UMTS

HSCSD

14.4

GPRS

Time frame
1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

GPRS = General Packet Radio Service

HSCSD = High Speed Circuit Switched Data
EDGE = Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution
UMTS = Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

Circuit-Switched or Packet-Switched
Circuit mode

Packet mode

GHF

D
A
C

GHF

C
D
A

GHF

C
D
A

What are the types in

GSM Network?
GSM-900 (Channels 125 operating band 900Mhz
carrier spacing 200khz spacing 45Mhz)
GSM -1800 (Channels 374 spacing 95Mhz)
GSM -1900(Used in USA)

10

Multiple Access Technique

Multiple Access Achieved by dividing the available radio
frequency spectrum, so that multiple users can be given
access at the same time.
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access
( eg: GSM each Frequency channel is 200KHz)
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
( eg: GSM each frequency channel is divided into 8
timeslots)
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
(eg: IS95- Each User data is coded with a unique code)

11

Duplex Technique
Duplex - How the up link and Down link of a user
is separated
FDD - Frequency Division Duplex
(eg:In GSM the up link and down link of a user is
separated by 45MHz )

TDD - Time Division Duplex

(the up link and down link of a user will be at the same
frequency but at different Time )

12

GSM System specifications

Frequency band
Uplink
Downlink
Duplex Frequency Spacing
Carrier separation
Frequency Channels
Time Slots /Frame(Full Rate)
Voice Coder Bit Rate
Modulation
Air transmission rate
Access method
Speech Coder

890 - 915 MHz

935 - 960MHz
45MHz
200KHz
124
8
13Kbps
GMSK
270.833333 Kbps
FDMA/TDMA
RPE-LTP-LPC
13

Access Techniques
Uplink 890 MHz to 915 MHz
Down Link 935 MHz to 960 MHz
25 MHz divided into 125 channels of 200 KHz
bandwidth
UP

890.0

890.2

890.4

914.8

915.0

DOWN 935.0

935.2

935.4

959.8

960.0

14

Access Techniques ...

Time Division Multiple Access
Each carrier frequency subdivided in time domain
into 8 time slots
Each mobile transmits data in a frequency, in its
particular time slot - Burst period = 0.577 milli secs.
8 time slots called a TDMA frame. Period is .577 * 8
= 4.616 milli secs
0.577 ms
0

4.616 ms

15

16

GSM in comparison with other

Standards
GSM gives mobility without any loss in Audio quality
Encryption techniques used gives high security in the air
Interface and also use of SIM.
Bit Interleaving for high efficiency in Transmission.
Variable Power (Power budgeting- extend battery life)
Minimum Interference.
Features-CCS7 Signaling
SMS (Short Message Services)
Emergency Calls
CELL Broadcast

17

TOPICS

GSM CONCEPTS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
GSM CHANNELS
GSM RADIO LINK
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
CALL MANAGEMENT
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
18

MS

GSM - Network Structure

Um
BTS

HLR

VLR
BSC
Abis

MSC
A

MS

AuC

GMSC

BTS
E
Abis
A

MSC

F
EIR

E
PSTN

BSC
Um
BTS

X.25
VLR
X.25
OMC Server

19

GSM Network
SS
External
PSTN &
PDN N/W

VLR

Switching
System

AUC
HLR

EIR
OMC

MSC
MS Mobile Station
BTS Base transceiver System
BSC Base Station Controller
MSC Mobile Switching Center
BSS BSC
HLR Home Location Register
VLR Visitor Location Register
BTS
EIR Equipment Identity Register
AUC Authentication Center
MS
OMC Operation And Maintenance Center

Base Station
System
20

GSM Architecture
VMSC

GSM

SMSC

Air interface
B
S
C

Abis
interface

TRAU

BTS
BTS

BTS

BTS

A
interface

B
S
C

HLR

AUC

MSC

PSTN
VLR

EIR

OMCS

BTS
BTS

Mobile
Station

Network and switching

subsystem
OMCR

Base Station System

A interface SS7 / speech

X.25
SS7

21

Fundamentals
960 MHz

124

959.8MHz

TS: Time slot

123
.

DOWNLINK

200KHz

935.2 Mhz
935 MHz

915 MHz
914.8 MHz

45 MHz

124
123

UPLINK

200KHz

890.2 MHz

GSM utilizes two

bands (TDMA
of 25 MHz.
Downlink
frame)890-915
= 8 TS
MHz band is used for uplink while the 935960 MHz is used for downlink.

4 5

The frequency bands are divided into 200

KHz wide channels called ARFCNs (Absolute
Radio Frequency
Channel
Numbers)
i.e.
Data burst = 156.25
bit periods
= 576.9s
there are 125 ARFCNs out of which only 124
are used.
Each ARFCN supports 8 users with each user
transmitting
0 /1receiving
2 3 on4 a particular
5 6 7 time
Delay
slot (TS).

Uplink (TDMA frame)

890 MHz

The technology

Therefore 1 TDMA frame = 156.25 x 8 = 1250 bits

and has a duration of 576.92s x 8 = 4.615 ms

22

Mobile Station (MS)

Hand portable unit
Contains Mobile Equipment(ME) and
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

23

Mobile Equipment(ME)

Frequency and Time Synchronization

Voice encoding and transmission
Voice encryption/decryption functions
Power measurements of adjacent cells
Display of short messages
International Mobile Equipment Identifier (IMEI)

24

SIM
Portable Smart Card with memory (ROM-6KB to 16KB-A3/A8
algorithm, RAM- 128KB TO 256KB, EEPROM- 3KB to 8KB )
Static Information
International Mobile Subscriber Identity(IMSI)
Personal Identification Number (PIN)
Authentication Key (Ki)
Dynamic Information
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
Location Area Identity (LAI)
Phone memories, billing information
Ability to store Short Messages received

25

Base Transceiver Station

(BTS)
Handles the radio interface to the mobile station.
Consists of one or more radio terminals for
transmission and reception
Each Radio terminal represents an RF Channel
TRX and MS communicates over Um interface
Received data transcoding
Voice encryption/decryption
Signal processing functions of the radio interface
Uplink Radio channel power measurements
26

Base Station Controller (BSC)

Provides all the control functions and physical links between
the MSC and BTS
External Interfaces
Abis interface towards the BTS
A interface towards the MSC
Monitors and controls several BTSs
Management of channels on the radio interface
Alarm Handling from the external interfaces
Performs inter-cell Handover
Switching from Abis link to the A link
Interface to OMC for BSS Management

27

Mobile Switching Center

(MSC)

Performs call switching

Interface of the cellular network to PSTN
Routes calls between PLMN and PSTN
Queries HLR when calls come from PSTN to mobile
user
Inter-BSC Handover
Paging
Billing
28

Home Location Register

(HLR)
Stores user data of all Subscribers related to the
GMSC
International Mobile Subscriber Identity(IMSI)
Users telephone number (MS ISDN)
Subscription information and services
VLR address
Reference to Authentication center for key (Ki)
Referred when call comes from public land network

29

Visitor Location Register

(VLR)
Database that contains Subscriber parameters

and location information for all mobile

subscribers currently located in the
geographical area controlled by that VLR
Identity of Mobile Subscriber
Copy of subscriber data from HLR
Generates and allocates a Temporary Mobile
Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
Location Area Code
Provides necessary data when mobile
originates call

30

Authentication Center (AuC)

Stores Subscriber authentication data called Ki, a
copy of which is also stored in in the SIM card
Generates security related parameters to authorize a
subscriber (SRES-Signed RESponse)
Generates unique data pattern called Cipher key (Kc)
for user data encryption
Provides triplets - RAND, SRES & Kc, to the HLR on
request.

31

EIR (Equipment Identity

Register)
EIR is a database that contains a list of all valid
mobile station equipment within the network, where
each mobile station is identified by its International
Mobile Equipment Identity(IMEI).
EIR has three databases.,
White list - For all known,good IMEIs
Black list - For all bad or stolen handsets
Grey list - For handsets/IMEIs that are
on observation

32

GSM Entities and Signaling

Architecture

34

GSM Protocols

CM - Connection Management
MM - Mobility Management
RR - Radio resource
LAPDm
- LAPD for mobile
LAPD
- Link Access Procedure for D channel
BTSM
- BTS Management Part
BSSAP
- BSS Application Part (BSC - MSC)
DTAP
- Direct Transfer Application Part (MS - MSC)
MAP
- Mobile Application Part
MTP
- Message Transfer part of SS7
SCCP
- Signalling Connection Control Part of SS7
TCAP
- Transaction Capabilities Application Part
ISUP
- ISDN User Part

35

Functional Plane of GSM

MS

BTS

BSC

MSC/VLR

HLR

MSC/
VLR

HLR

GMSC

CC

MM

RR

Trans
MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

36

TOPICS

GSM CONCEPTS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IDENTIFIERS USED IN GSM
GSM CHANNELS
GSM RADIO LINK
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
CALL MANAGEMENT
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

37

Subscriber Identity -MSISDN

The MSISDN is a GSM directory number which
uniquely identifies a mobile subscription in the Public
Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
Calls will be routed from the PSTN and other
networks based on the Mobile Subscribers MSISDN
number.
MSISDN= CC + NDC + SN
CC= Country Code (91)
NDC= National Destination Code(98370)
SN= Subscriber Number (12345)

38

International Mobile
Subscriber Identity [IMSI]
Subscriber always identified within the GSM network
by the IMSI
This is used for all signaling in the PLMN stored in
SIM and HLR/VLR
The IMSI consists of three different parts
MCC = Mobile Country Code(3 Digits)
MNC = Mobile Network Code(2 Digits)
MSIN = Mobile Station Identification Number(Upto 10 digits)

39

Temporary Mobile Subscriber

Identity [TMSI]
The TMSI is used for the subscribers confidentiality.
It should be combined with the LAI to uniquely
identify a MS.
Since the TMSI has only local significance (that is,
within the MSC/VLR area), the structure may be
chosen by each administration.
The TMSI should not consist of more than four
octets.

40

Mobile Station Roaming

Number[MSRN]
HLR knows in what Service area the subscriber is
located.
In order to provide a temporary number to be used
for routing, the HLR requests the current MSC/VLR to
allocate a Mobile Station Roaming Number(MSRN) to
the called subscriber and to return it.
At reception of the MSRN, HLR sends it to the MSC,
which now can route the call to the VLR where the
called subscriber is currently registered.

41

International Mobile
Equipment Identity [IMEI]

The IMEI is used for equipment identification. An IMEI

uniquely identifies a mobile station as a piece or
assembly of equipment.
IMEI = TAC + FAC + SNR + sp
TAC= Type Approval Code (6 digits),determined by GSM body
FAC= Final Assembly Code (2 digits), identifies themanufacturer
SNR= Serial Number (6 digits), uniquely identifying all
equipment within each TAC and FAC
sp = Spare for future use (1 digit)

42

Location Area Identity

LAI identifies a location area which is a group of cells..
It is transmitted in the BCCH.
When the MS moves into another LA (detected by
monitoring LAI transmitted on the BCCH) it must perform a
LU.
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
MCC= Mobile Country Code(3 digits), identifies the country
MNC= Mobile Network Code(1-2 digits), identifies the GSM-PLMN
LAC= Location Area Code, identifies a location area within a GSM
PLMN network. The maximum length of LAC is 16 bits,enabling
65536 different location areas to be defined in one GSM PLMN.

43

TOPICS

GSM CONCEPTS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
GSM CHANNELS
GSM RADIO LINK
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
CALL MANAGEMENT
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

44

Channels : differentiating between

Physical and Logical channels
Physical channels : The combination of an ARFCN
and a time slot defines a physical channel.
Logical channels : These are channels specified by
GSM which are mapped on physical channels.

45

Channel concept
Physical channel:
One timeslot of a TDMA-frame on one carrier
is referred to as a physical channel.
There are 8 physical channels per carrier in
GSM,channel 0-7(timeslot 0-7)
Logical channel:
A great variety of information must be
transmitted between BTS and the MS,for e.g.
user data and control signaling.Depending
on the kind of information transmitted we
refer to different logical channels.These logical
channels are mapped on physical channel.
46

Logical Channels on Air interface

LOGICAL
CHANNELS
COMMON
CHANNELS

COMMON
CONTROL
CHANNELS

BROADCAST
CHANNELS

FCCH

SCH

DEDICATED
CHANNELS

BCCH

PCH

DEDICATED
CONTROL
CHANNELS

SDCCH

RACH

AGCH

SACCH

TCH/F

TRAFFIC
CHANNELS

FACCH

TCH/H

TCH/EFR

47

Frequency plan and importance of

BCCH
Sectored
antennas

B5

B6

B4

BPL frequency plan:

Broadcast frequencies :

B7

15 Broadcast channels = 48-62

15 Hopping channels

B3
B1

B8

= 32-46

B2
B12

MS ( monitoring the
broadcast radio B1 in idle
mode )

B9
B10
B11
F0

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5

F10

..

F11

F,S,B exist in time slot 0 of each frame

F50

..

..

48

Broadcast channels BCH

Broadcast Channel-BCH
Alloted one ARFCN & is ON all the time in every cell. Present in TS0 and
other 7 TS used by TCH.

Frequency correction channel-FCCH

To make sure this is the BCCH carrier.
Allow the MS to synchronize to the frequency.
Carries a 142 bit zero sequence and repeats once in every 10 frames on the
BCH.

Synchronization Channel-SCH
This is used by the MS to synchronize to the TDMA frame structure within the
particular cell.
Listening to the SCH the MS receives the TDMA frame number and also the
BSIC ( in the coded part- 39 bits).
Repeats once in every 10 frames.

49

1.

The MS is monitoring the BCCH and has all the decoded

information stored on the SIM ( including the LAC)

2.

As soon as the mobile is on a TCH it sends the signal

strength indication on the corresponding SACCH

3.

The BSC monitors the signal strengths and on analysis

sends a handoff request on FACCH. The handoff
process is completed on the FACCH.

4.

After the completion of call, the MS starts monitoring the

BCCH again. On finding the LAC (stored on SIM) and that
decoded from the BCCH to be different , the MS requests
a Location Update through SDCCH.
Back

50

Broadcast channels BCH ...

BCH
The last information the MS must receive in order to receive calls or
make calls is some information concerning the cell. This is BCCH.
This include the information of Max power allowed in the cell.
List of channels in use in the cell.
BCCH carriers for the neighboring cells,Location Area Identity etc.
BCCH occupies 4 frames (normal bursts) on BCH and
repeats
once every Multiframe.
This is transmitted Downlink point to multipoint.

Cell Broadcast Channel - CBCH

Used for the Transmission of generally accessible information like
Short Message Services(SMS)

51

What information does Broadcast Control channel

(BCCH) contain?

Serves as a Beacon for the Cell

Country Code (CC) and the Network Code (NC)

Location Area Identity (LAI)

List of neighboring cells which should be monitored by MS

List of frequencies used in the cell

Cell identity

Back

52

Common Control Channels

CCCH
CCCH Shares TS-0 with BCH on a Multiframe.

Random access channel-RACH:

Used by Mobile Station for requesting for a channel. When the
mobile realizes it is paged it answers by requesting a signaling
channel (SDCCH) on RACH. RACH is also used by the MS if it
wants to originate a call.
Initially MS doesnt know the path delay (timing advance), hence
uses a short burst (with a large guard period = 68.25 bits).
MS sends normal burst only after getting the timing advance info
on the SACCH.
It is transmitted in Uplink point to point.

53

Common Control Channels

CCCH ..
Access Grant Channel-AGCH
On request for a signaling channel by MS the network
assigns a signaling channel(SDCCH) through AGCH. AGCH
is transmitted on the downlink point to point.

Paging Channel-PCH
The information on this channel is a paging message
including the MSs identity(IMSI/TMSI).This is transmitted on
Downlink, point-to-multipoint.

54

Dedicated Control ChannelsDCCH

Stand alone dedicated control channel(SDCCH)
AGCH assigns SDCCH as signaling channel on
request by MS.The MS is informed about which
frequency(ARFCN) & timeslot to use for traffic.
Used for location update, subscriber authentication,
ciphering information, equipment validation and
assignment of TCH.
This is used both sides, up and Downlink point-point.

55

Dedicated Control ChannelsDCCH

Slow associated control channel-SACCH
Transmission of radio link signal measurement, power control
etc.
Average signal strengths(RXLev) and quality of service
(RXQual) of the serving base station and of the neighboring
cells is sent on SACCH (on uplink).
Mobile receives information like what TX power it has to
transmit and the timing advance. It is associated with TCH or
SDCCH

Fast associated control channel-FACCH

Used for Hand over commands and during call setup and
release. FACCH data is sent over TCH with stealing flag set

56

Traffic Channels-TCH
TCH carries the voice data.
Two blocks of 57 bits contain voice data in the normal
burst.
One TCH is allocated for every active call.
Full rate traffic channel occupies one physical
channel(one TS on a carrier) and carries voice data
at 13kbps
Two half rate (6.5kbps) TCHs can share one physical
channel.
57

TOPICS

GSM CONCEPTS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
GSM CHANNELS
GSM RADIO LINK
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
CALL MANAGEMENT
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

58

Burst
The information format transmitted during one
timeslot in the TDMA frame is called a burst.
Different Types of Bursts

Normal Burst
Random Access Burst
Frequency Correction Burst
Synchronization Burst

59

Normal Burst
156.25 bits 0.577 ms

T
3

Coded Data
57

Tail Bit(T)
Coded Data
Stealing Flag
Training Seq.

S
1

T. Seq.
26

S
1

Coded Data
57

T
3

GP
8.25

:Used as Guard Time

:It is the Data part associated with the burst
:This indicates whether the burst is carrying
Signaling data (FACCH) or user info (TCH).
:This is a fixed bit sequence known both to
the BTS & the MS.This takes care of the
signal deterioration.

60

156.25 bits 0.577 ms

T
3

Training Sequence
41

Coded Data
36

T
3

GP
68.25

Random Access Burst

156.25 bits 0.577 ms
T
3

Fixed Bit Sequence

142

T
3

GP
8.25

Freq. Correc. Burst

156.25 bits 0.577 ms
T
3

Coded Data
39

Training Sequence
64

Coded
Data 39

T
3

GP
8.25

Synchronization Burst

61

Transmission on the
radio channels
A timeslot has a duration of .577 m seconds (148 Bits)
8 timeslots(8 x 0.577 = 4.62 ms) form a TDMA frame
If a mobile is assigned one TS it transmits only in this time
slot
and stays idle for the other 7 with its transmitter off, called
bursting
The start on the uplink is delayed from downlink by 3 TS
periods
One TS = duration of 156.25 bits, and its physical contents is
called a burst
Downlink 0
BTS > MS

Uplink
MS > BTS

Offset

62

Timing Advance
MS1 0
near

MS2
0
far

MS1 0
near
MS2
0
far

At
BTS

At
BTS
0

1
0

2
1

3
2

4
3

5
4

6
5

7
6

63

Frames Types On Um
Interface
TDMA Frame

8 Time slots (Burst Period)

Length is 4.62 ms(8 * 0.577ms)

26-TDMA Multiframe
26 TDMA Frames (24 TCH, SACCH, Idle)
120 ms (26 * 4.62ms)

51-TDMA Multiframe
26 TDMA Frames (FCCH, SCH, BCCH, SDCCH, CCCH)
235.6 ms (51 * 4.62ms)

64

Frames Types On Um
Interface
Super Frame
51* 26 TDMA Frames
6.12 S

Hyper Frame
2048 * 51* 26 TDMA Frames
3 Hours, 28 Minutes, 53 Secs and 760 ms

65

TOPICS

GSM CONCEPTS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
GSM CHANNELS
GSM RADIO LINK
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
CALL MANAGEMENT
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

66

Communication Management
(CM)
Setup of calls between users on request
Routing function i.e. Choice of transmission
segments linking users
Point to Point Short message services

67

Mobile Originated Call

MS

HLR

BTS
BSC

VLR

AuC

MS

GMSC

BTS

Authentication response
(SDCCH)

EIR
ACM
Authentication request
(SDCCH)

Req
for dedicated
Authentication
response channel BSC
Allocates SDCCH
using
the
AGCH
for(SDCCH)
signaling (RACH)
BTS
SDCCH
released
TCH assigned
Ring Sends
tone over
callFACCH
set-up request
Give
including
SDCCH
Call set-up
forwarded
Ring tone ceases over FACCH
Release
Activate
SDCCH
TCH
dialled digits on SDCCH
to BSC

MSC

Connect
Assigns
TCH Req
Assn complete
message
Call set-up forwarded
to MSC

PSTN
Ring alert
Speech path enabled
Called Sub answers

68

Mobile Originated Call

Request for Service

Authentication
Ciphering
Equipment Validation
Call Setup
Handovers
Call Release

69

Mobile Terminated Call

Paging
Authentication
Ciphering
Equipment Validation
Call Setup
Handovers
Call Release

70

Mobile Terminated Call

MS
Paging
Assignment CMD
(=TCH) on SDCCH

BTSTMSI Paged
on PCH
BSC

*RESP
MS
tunes
Allocate
Page
SDCCH
on SDCCH
REQ
MS Ch.
*
Assgn
CMP
over
( TMSI
AGCH
+ LAI)
over
RACH
BTS
* Phone rings

HLR
VLR
Query for
VLR info

Connect traffic Ch.to trunk

GMSC
frees SDCCH Query VLR
Page
Page RES
Assgn CMP for LAC and
Assign.
REQ
Paging
TMSI
the area
(+TMSI)
Route
toNetwork
MSC Alerting
MSC
BSC

AuC

Reply
(MSRN)
EIR

PSTN

BTS
Land to
Mobile call
(MSISDN)

Authentication and Ciphering procedure done as seen in Location Updation

71

TOPICS

GSM CONCEPTS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
IDENTITIES USED IN GSM
GSM CHANNELS
GSM RADIO LINK
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
CALL MANAGEMENT
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

72

Radio Resource Management

Power Control
Hand over Control
Discontinuous Transmission
Frequency Hopping

73

Power Control

BTS commands MS at different

distances to use different power levels
so that the power arriving at the BTSs Rx is
approximately the same for each TS
- Reduce interference
- Longer battery life

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Handover
Means to continue a call even a mobile crosses
the border of one cell to another
Procedure which made the mobile station really
roam
Handover causes
RxLev (Signal strength , uplink or downlink)
RxQual (BER on data)
O & M intervention
Timing Advance
Traffic or Load balancing
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Handover Types
Internal Handover (Intra-BSS)
Within same base station - intra cell
Between different base stations - inter cell
External Handover (Inter-BSS)
Within same MSC -intra MSC
Between different MSCs - inter-MSC

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Handover Types
GMSC

MSC
BSC

BSC

C-3
BSC
MSC

C-4

C-1

C-2

BSC

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Intra BSC handover

HO performed
HO required
Activate TCH(facch)
with HoRef#

BSC

Acknowledges and
alloctes TCH (facch) if
1. Check for HO passed
2. Channel avail in new BTS

BTS 2

Periodic Measurement
Reports (SACCH)

Periodic Measurement
Reports

MS tunes into new frequency

and TS and sends HO message to
new BTS (facch)

HO cmd with HoRef#

Receives new BTS data(FACCH)

Release TCH

Cell 2
Periodic Measurement
Reports (SACCH)

BTS 1

Cell 1
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Discontinuous
Transmission
Discontinuous Transmission(DTX) allows the
radio transmitter to be switched off most of the
time during speech pauses.
A Silence Indicator Block is transmitted at
500bps, which generates a comfort noise
Down Link interference is decreased.
Up link battery is saved

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Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping permits the dynamic switching of radio links from
one carrier frequency to another.
Base Band Hopping
At the BTS each the timeslot is shifted to another transceiver,
which is transmitting at the hop frequency. User will be connected
to different Transceivers depending on hop sequence.
Synthesis Hopping
At the BTS transceiver changes the frequencies used. The user
will be connected to only one transceiver.
Decreases the probability of interference
Suppresses the effect of Rayleigh fading

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