EXERGY ANALYSIS OF

THERMAL POWER
PLANT
1)MOHIT KUMAR
2)PRASHANT DWIVEDI
3)RAJ DEEP TIWARI
4)SHASHANK DUBEY

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Definitions
Exergy

is the maximum possible work that

can be obtained from a system as it
undergoes a reversible process from the
specified initial state to the state of its
environment.
Surroundings: outside the system boundaries
Environment: the area of the surroundings not
affected by the process at any point (For
example, if you have a hot turbine, the air next to
the turbine is warm. The environment is the area
of the surroundings far enough away that the
temperature isnt affected.)
Dead State: when a system is in thermodynamic
equilibrium with the environment, denoted by a
subscript zero; at this point no more work can be

Availability
The

availability (A) of a given

system is defined as the
maximum useful work that is
obtained in a process in which
the system comes to equilibrium
with its surroundings.

Why Study Exergy?

In

the last several decades, exergy

analysis has begun to be used for
system optimization.
By analyzing the exergy destroyed by each
component in a process, we can see where
we should be focusing our efforts to
improve system efficiency.
It can also be used to compare
components or systems to help make
informed design decisions.

Irreversibilities
Irreversibility,

I: exergy
destroyed; wasted work potential.
It represents energy that could
have been converted into work
but was instead wasted
To have high system efficiency,
we want I to be as small as
possible.

I, cont.
I=Wrev,

Wu, out (work output

device, like a turbine) OR
I=Wu, in Wrev, in (work input device,
like a pump)
Wu: useful work; the amount of work
done that can actually be used for
something desirable
Wu=W-Wsurr where W=actual work
done
out

Surroundings Work, Wsurr

Here some work is
used to push the
atmospheric air
(the surroundings)
out of the way;
that work cant be
used for other
purposes.
W surr P0 dV P0 V 2 V1 positive

Surroundings Work, Wsurr,

cont.
Here

Patm helps push

the piston in; this is
gained work. In a
process where the
piston goes in and out
continually, the
surrounding work
values cancel out.
Wsurr P0 V2 V1 negative

Second Law Efficiency, II

Thermal

efficiency tells us what

we get out compared to what we
put in.
The second law efficiency tells us
how much we get out compared
to the maximum possible we
could get out, given the inlet and
exit conditions.

Second Law Efficiency, cont.

A

general
definition:

exergy recovered (what' s available after the process)

II
exergy supplied (what' s available at the beginning)
exergy destroyed(I)
1
exergy supplied

Three Efficiency Definitions

The

second two are defined for work

OUTPUT devices

Thermal th

Wnet

Qin

Wactual
Isentropic s
Wisentropic
2

nd

Wu
Law II
Wrev

Exergy
We

can calculate the exergy, X (work potential) at a

given state. The work potential is a function of the
total energy of the system.

X X KE X PE X internal energy X flow work

(remember that in a control mass, there will be no flow

work)
XKE

(exergy due to kinetic energy): V2/2 (on a per

unit mass basis
XPE: gZ
The o stands for the dead state (atmospheric
conditions). If a piston is at atmospheric pressure
and temperature (the dead state), it cant do any
work.

For a control volume

Xcv=Xclosed+Xflow
=Xcv/m

work

(exergy per unit mass)

Xflow work=Wflow-Wagainst

cv

atmosphere

=Pv-Pov

V2
u u o Po v Po vo To s so
gz Pv Po vo
2

Now

combine terms: u+Pv=h; uo+Povo=ho

V2
cv h ho To s so
gz
2

Change in exergy
If

we only have one fluid stream

V22 V12
2 1 h2 h1 To s 2 s1
g z 2 z1
2

If

we have multiple streams

V
2
m 2 h2 To s 2
gz2

V
1
m 1 h1 To s1
gz1

Exergy Balance
We

will use these equations in an exergy balance

to solve for such quantities as reversible work or
exergy destroyed.
Xin-Xout-Xdestroyed=Xsys

Xdestroyed is potential work that was destroyed due

to irreversibilities like friction.
Exergy can be transferred (Xin-Xout) by heat, work,
and mass flow

Exergy Transfer by Heat

Transfer
As

we add heat to a system, we

increase its ability to do work.
Wmax X heat QH max

To

QH 1
TH

Exergy Transfer by Work and

Mass Flow
If

we do work on a system, we increase

its ability to do work.
Xwork=W-Wsurr
for boundary work
Xwork=W

for all other kinds of work

Remember Wsurr P0 V2 V1

Xmass=m

Xdestroyed
Xdestroyed=I=ToSgen

Ssys=Sin-Sout+Sgen

Entropy Generated, Sgen

For

to

a steady-state control volume, this leads us

S gen

m s m s
e e

out

For

i i

in

Q k
Tk

a control mass, this becomes

Q

S gen S 2 S1

Here

Tk is the temperature of the heat source or

heat sink (not the system temperature).

Final Equation for Xsys for control

mass

To
1

Tk

Qk W Po V2 V1 To S gen X 2 X 1

Terms in [ ] are W-Wsurr=Wu

If we want to find Wrev, then ToSgen=0 and
Wu=Wrev
Note that if heat transfer is to/from the
surroundings, the Q term drops out.

Final Equation for Xsys for control

volume
For multiple fluid streams, unsteady flow:

To
1

Tk

Qk W Po V2 V1 To S gen

m m
i

For one fluid streams, steady flow:

To
1

Tk

Qk W To S gen m i e 0

To find Wrev, set Sgen=0. If adiabatic, Q=0.

X 2 X1

Exergy Analysis for a Cycle, 1

fluid stream, steady flow

I To S gen
for a component :

S m s s Q
gen
e
i
Tk
S S
S
gen

gen, pump

Qcond.,in
Qturbine
s3 s 2
s 4 s3
s1 s4

Tcomb.chamber
To
Tlake

Q pump

m s2 s1
To

I To m

gen,boiler S gen,turbine S gen,cond .

Qout

Tk ,out

Qin
Tk ,in

Qboiler

Second Law Efficiency for a

Cycle

W net ,actual
W net , actual
II

W net , reversible W net ,actual I

POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA

EXERGY EFFICIENCY AND EXERGY

DESTRUCTION CALCULATIONS

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF EXERGY EFFICIENCY

ANALYSIS OF STEAM GENERATOR(BOILER)

ANALYSIS OF TURBINE

*
Study of performance
of boiler and air
preheater with the
usage of different
grades of coal in the
power plant

BOILER

AIR PREHEATER

DATA OF DIFFERENT GRADES OF COAL

COMPOSITION OF DESIGNED COAL

THANK YOU