Evaporation

Evaporation

is the removal of
solvent as a vapor from a solution
or slurry

Evaporation

is used for
concentration of aqueous
solutions, it involves removal of
water from solution by boiling the
liquor in suitable vessel called
evaporator and withdrawing the

Valuable Product
In

evaporation thick liquor is a

valuable product and vapor is
usually wasted e.g. concentration
of fruit juices or urea
concentration
In rare cases, vapor is valuable
product, e.g. Mineral-bearing
water evaporation to get boiler
feed water, or sea water
evaporation to get portable water

Evaporation vs
boiling/drying/distillation/crystilization
Evaporation

occurs at liquidvapor interface when vapor

pressure is less than saturation
pressure of the liquid at a given
temperature
Boiling occurs at solid-liquid
interface when liquid is brought
into contact with a surface at
temp Ts

Cont
Evaporation

differs from drying

b/c residue is always a liquid
It differs from distillation b/c
vapor is a single component and
even if it is a mixture, no attempt
is made to split it into fractions
It differs from crystallization b/c
we want to concentrate the
solution rather than forming and
building crystals

Classification of liquids to be Evaporated

A) Those which can be heated to

high temp without decomposition
and those which can only be
heated to 330 K
B) Those which yield solids on
concentration and those which do
not
C) Those which, at a given
pressure, boil at same temp as
water, and those which have

Evaporator
Exchanger

which is used to
concentrate a solution consisting
of a non-volatile solute and a
volatile solvent, is called an
evaporator
Evaporator Main Parts
Feed Inlet, Concentrate outlet,
Steam jacket, steam condensate
outlet, sight glass, vapor head &
vapor outlet, heating section etc

Evaporator Types/Classification
A)

based on heating media

Cont..

B) Based on Effect
1. Single effect evaporators
2. Multiple effect evaporators
C)

Based on circulation of liquor over

heating surface
1. Natural Circulation Units
2. Forced Circulation Units
3. Film type (wiped film) evaporators

Different Evaporators

Batch Pan
Oldest

type and used for limited

application
Either jacketed/internal coils/heaters
Product residence time is many hours
Boil at low temp and high pressure for
heat sensitive materials
heat transfer area and coefficients
are low under natural circulation
Evaporation capacities are low
Large temp differences not achieved
b/c of rapid fouling of heating surface

Cont..
Used

for concentration of Jams

and Jellies, also for some
pharmaceutical products

Natural Circulation Units

Circulation is obtained by convection
currents arising from heating surface
A) Tubes are horizontal with steam inside
B) Tubes are vertical with steam outside
a. solution to be evaporated boils outside
the tubes and steam condenses inside of
tubes. These tubes interfere with natural
circulation and minimize liquid agitation
Overall heat transfer coefficients are
lower

a. Tubes are horizontal with steam inside

Cont..
Cylindrical

section above heating

portion is used to separate vapor from
liquid

vapor

leaves through de-entraining

device to prevent carry over of liquid
droplets with vapor

Steam

enters through one side chest

and leaves through opposite chest
Steam condensate out via steam trap

Cont.
Advantages
1. Cheap
2. Easy to install
3. Require less space for installation
4. Suitable for liquids that not crystallize
5. Can be used for batch/continuous
operation
Disadvantages
1. Not suitable for viscous liquids b/c of
poor circulation

B) Tubes are vertical with steam outside

Solution

boils inside vertical

tubes with heating media, usually
steam, held in steam chest,
through which tubes pass.
Boiling of liquid in tubes, causes
liquid flow upward through tubes
and un-evaporated liquid flows
downward through central hole

Cont..

Cont..
These

overcome disadvantages of horizontal

tube evaporators
1. natural circulation is promoted(1-3 ft/s)
2. heat transfer coefficients are higher
3. solid built inside tubes is removed by
mechanical cleaning
4. Viscous liquids can be used, but circulation is
slow
5. Used in sugar and salt industries
These

are impractical when solution is very

viscous or form foams or is heat sensitive

Cont

Thank You
for
Your
Attention