ORAL CARE

Zenaida B. Soriano,MS
Senior ASEAN Expert
Cosmetics

ORAL CARE PRODUCTS

1. Toothbrush
2. Dentifrice
3. Oral Rinses

ORAL ENVIRONMENT

ORAL ENVIRONMENT
Teeth
Gingiva / Mucosa
Saliva
Plaque
Tartar
Caries
Periodontal Disease
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ORAL ENVIRONMENT
TEETH
Enamel hard, white outer covering surrounding the crown of the tooth. Consists of
inorganic substances, calcium and phosphate.
Cementum thin, bone-like material covering the root. Also consists of inorganic
substances.
Dentin a yellow bone-line material under the enamel
Provides support
Forms bulk of tooth
Composed of collagen (20%) and calcium phosphate (75%)

Pulp soft tissue in the center of the crown and root

Contains nerves, blood vessels and lymph vessels
Produces dentin
Provides nourishment for tooth
Functions as a sensory signal of injury

Pellicle thin salivary film covering the tooth composed of proteins and lipids
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Figure 1: Diagrammatic Sketch of the

Tooth and Periodontal Tissue

Figure 2: The Palatal Surface of the

Upper Jaw
A diagrammatic
representation
of palatal
surface of the
upper jaw, with
a full
complement of
permanent teeth

Figure 3: The Maxillary Teeth

Figure 4: The Mandibular Teeth

Figure 5: The Deciduous Teeth

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Figure 6: The Permanent Teeth

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Table 1: Approximate Age of Tooth Eruption

TOOTH
Deciduous teeth
Lower central incisors
Upper central incisors
Lower lateral incisors
Upper lateral incisors
First molars
Cuspids
Second Molars
Permanent teeth
First molars
Central incisors
Lateral incisors
Cuspids
First bicuspids
Second bicuspids
Second molars
Third molars

AGE AT ERUPTION
6 months
7 1/2 months
7 months
9 months
12-14 months
16-18 months
20-24 months

6-7 years
6-8 years
7-9 years
9-12 years
10-12 years
10-12 years
11-13 years
17-21 years
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ORAL ENVIRONMENT
GINGIVA / MUCOSA
Gingiva dense fibrous tissue surrounding necks of teeth
Covered by a smooth mucous membrane which bleeds easily when
penetrated
Also called periodontal tissue or gums

Oral mucosa mucous membrane lining the mouth

Peridontium - attachment apparatus consisting of
Gingiva
Cementum
Periodontal ligament
Jawbone
Oral mucosa

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ORAL ENVIRONMENT
SALIVA
A complex fluid secreted by salivary glands containing
water, mucin, proteins, salts and enzymes.
Functions:
aids in digestion
lubricates both hard and soft tissues
buffers cariogenic acids
forms the pellicle
provides minerals for repairing enamel / cementum
(remineralization)
delivers antimicrobial agents (immunoglobulins, enzymes, etc.)

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ORAL ENVIRONMENT
PLAQUE
Soft sticky, invisible film constantly forming in your mouth. Covers teeth and gums.
Oral mucosa cells
Saliva
Bacteria

Can be removed by brushing and flossing.

Gram + cocci
(healthy mouth)

Gram + rods
(gingivitis)

Gram anaerobes

Formation / progression influenced by:

Diet
Host immune system
Oral environment

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Inhibition of Plaque Accumulation

Increase in Microbial Population

Measures Proposed
1. Keep tooth clean, free of
pellicle, e.g., by toothbrushing

Increase in Total
Numbers

Increase in Specific
Bacterial
Populations

1. Use broad-spectrum antibacterial agents

Introduce specific
measures, e.g.,
vaccines

Interbacterial
Adhesion
2+

Apply Ca antagonists;
destroy matrix, e.g., with
proteolytic enzymes

2. Interfere with bacterial

attachment mechanisms, e.g., 2. Remove mechanically with
2+
with Ca antagonists
toothbrush, floss, etc.
3. Attack dextran and other
adhesive bacterial secretions,
e.g., with dextranases
4. Alter surface of tooth by
physical-chemical means

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ORAL ENVIRONMENT
TARTAR
Calcification (crystallization of minerals) on the surface of the
tooth formed mainly in the presence of plaque.

Rough surface promotes further growth of plaque

Stains easily (yellow / brown)
Most prevalent near salivary glands and around necks and roots of teeth
Removed only by dentist

Tartar Control Agents (Pyrophosphate)

Acts as crystal poisons to stop formation
Easily degraded by oral enzymes / stabilized by fluoride and Gantrez.

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ORAL ENVIRONMENT
CARIES
A progressively destructive, infectious disease resulting in:
Demineralization of enamel / cementum
Bacterial penetration to pulp
Formation of macroscopic activity

Sound enamel
plaque
acid prod
mineral
loss

Caries promotion
dietary carbohydrate
reduced salivary flow
cariogenic bacteria

saliva
acid neutralization
Caries reduction
increased salivary flow
reduced plaque
fluoride

Lesions

mineral gain
(fluoride)

Cavity

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COMPOSITION & CHEMISTRY

OF DENTIFRICES

COMPOSITION & CHEMISTRY

OF DENTIFRICES
DENTIFRICE:
A dentifrice is a substance used with a toothbrush for the
purpose of cleaning the accessible surfaces of the teeth
(American Dental
Association)

TOOTHPASTE:
Toothpaste is a colloidal suspension of a mixture of
ingredients that must be carefully balanced in order to
provide an efficacious, safe, and consumer friendly product
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TOOTHPASTE INGREDIENTS
Abrasive
Binder
Humectant
Sweetener
Flavor
Surfactant
Active Ingredients
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ABRASIVE
Function:
Cleaning and polishing

Characteristics:
Solid, insoluble particles
Abrasive
Potential for fluoride interaction

22

ABRASIVE
Types :
Silica
Phosphate Salts ie Dical
Carbonates ie Calcium Carbonate or Chalk
Others

23

Radioactive Dentin Abrasion Method

This procedure involves the use of
accelerated toothbrushing apparatus and
dentin section that contain radioactive
phosphorous. The ADA standard was set
at 100, which corresponds to RDA value of
475.

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Figure 7: In-vitro Abrasion Studies, RDA

This photograph
shows a two-brush
model abrasion
machine, which is
used in in vitro
dentifrice abrasion
studies.

Source: Stallard, Richard E. A Textbook of Preventive Dentistry (Second Edition).

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Comparative Abrasiveness of some Commercially Available

Dentifrices as Determined by a Radioactive Dentin
Procedure
DENTIFRICE
Sensodyne
Vote
Plus White Plus
Plus White
Gleem II
Macleans (old formulation)
Crest (Mint and Regular)
Close-Up

MANUFACTURER
Block Drug Co.
Bristol-Myers Co.
Bishop Industries, Inc.
Bishop Industries, Inc.
Procter and Gamble Co.
Beecham Products, Inc.
Procter and Gamble Co.
Lever Brothers Co.

PRINCIPAL ABRASIVE

Silica
Silica
Dicalcium Phosphate (anhydrous)
Dicalcium Phosphate (anhydrous)
Calcium Pyrophosphate
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Pyrophosphate
Silica
Alumina and Dicalcium Phosphate
(dihydrate)
Pearl Drops
Carter-Wallace, Inc.
Macleans (new formulation) Beecham Products, Inc. Dicalcium Phosphate (dihydrate)
Ultra Brite
Colgate-Palmolive Co. Dicalcium Phosphate (dihydrate)
Colgate with MFP
Colgate-Palmolive Co. Insoluble Sodium Metaphosphate
Pepsodent
Lever Brothers Co.
Dicalcium Phosphate (dihydrate)
Magnesium Carbonate (basic) and
Calcium Carbonate
Thermodent
Chas. Pfizer and Co.

ABRASIVITY
INDEX
157
134
132
110
106
93
88
87
72
68
64
51
26
24

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Source: Stallard, Richard E. A Textbook of Preventive Dentistry (Second Edition).

BINDER
Function:
Used to stabilize toothpaste formulations to
prevent separation of the liquid and solid
phases

Characteristics:
Can be natural or synthetic

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BINDER
Types:
Natural Polymers
Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)
Carrageenans
Xanthan Gum

Synthetic Polymers
Others
28

HUMECTANT
Function:
Used in toothpaste to prevent loss of water and
subsequent hardening of the product upon
exposure to air

Characteristics:
Affect taste perception
Proper usage level produce a clear translucent
toothpaste
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HUMECTANT
Types:
Glycerine
Sorbitol
Polyethylene Glycol
Xylitol
Propylene Glycol

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SWEETENER
Types:
Sodium Saccharin
Sodium Cyclamate
Acesulfame K

31

SWEETENER
Function:
An important part of toothpaste flavoring system

Characteristics:
Government regulations
Non-cariogenic

32

FLAVOR
Function:
Improve taste of toothpaste

Characteristics:
One of the most important factors for consumer
A mixture of flavoring agents

33

FLAVOR
Types:
Minty
Fruity
Medicinal
Cinnamon

34

Oral products have a unique and

specialized flavor requirements. To be
successful in oral products, a flavor must:
Have a pleasant taste while brushing
Leave a pleasant taste in your mouth
after
brushing
Be compatible with the base

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All factors being roughly equal

mouthfeel appearance, perceived
therapeutic attributes, etc. the
consumer will look to flavor as the
determinant in selecting a product for
use day after day and year after year.

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SURFACTANT
Function:
Produce foam and aid in the removal of debris
Emulsifies flavoring agents

Characteristics:
May react with other toothpaste components
High level may cause mucosal irritation

37

SURFACTANT
Types:
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
Sodium N-Lauroyl Sarcosinate
Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate
PEG Oil

38

FLUORIDE ACTIVES
Function:
Increase resistance to enamel solubility

Characteristics:
Regulated by Government
Restricted usage level
Soluble fluoride ion is essential for activity

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FLUORIDE ACTIVES
Types:
Sodium Fluoride

NaF

Sodium Monofluorophosphate

MFP

Stannous Fluoride

SnF2

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Anticaries Dentifrices:
FDA Tentative Final Monograph
Anticaries active agents
(category I)
Package size limitation

Sodium fluoride, 0.22%

Sodium monofluorophosphate, 0.76%
Stannous fluoride, 0.4%
Package shall not contain more than 260 mg total fluorine per package

Identity (labeling)
Contains established name of drug; identifies product as "anticavity",
"fluoride", "dentifrice", or "toothpaste", as appropriate
Indications

Warnings
Directions

Aids in the prevention of dental caries or cavities or decay (as deemed

appropriate by the manufacturer); misleading statements not permitted
None required for dentifrices
"Adults and children 2 years of age and older; brush teeth thoroughly at
least once daily or as directed by a dentist. Children under 6 years of age
should be supervised in the use of this product." Also for stannous fluoride
dentifrices, "This product may produce surface staining of the teeth.
Adequate toothbrushing may prevent these stains which are not harmful or
permanent and may be removed by your dentist."
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OTHER ACTIVES
Tartar

Polyphosphates
Zinc Citrate

Plaque / Gingivitis

Triclosan
SnF2
Chlorhexidine
Zinc Citrate

Desensitizer

Potassium Nitrate

Whitening

Calcium Peroxide
Hydrogen Peroxide
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TYPICAL COMPOSITION
Ingredients
Humectants
Water
Binders
Abrasive
Flavor
Sweetener
Surfactant
Fluoride

Weight %
60 20
0 50
0 12
18 50
0.5 2.0
0.2 1.0
0.5 2.0
0.2 1.2
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U.S. FORMULA COMPARISON

Ingredients
Humectants

Binders

Abrasive

Flavor
Sweetener
Surfactant
Fluoride

Colgate
Glycerin
Sorbitol
PEG
CMC
Carrageenan
Xanthan
Silica
Dical
PCC
Mint
Saccharin
SLS
NaF
MFP

P&G

Unilever

SKB

Glycerin
Sorbitol
PEG
Xanthan
Carbopol

Glycerin
Sorbitol
PEG
CMC

Glycerin
Sorbitol
PEG
CMC
Carrageenan

Silica

Silica

PCC
Silica

Mint
Saccharin
SLS
NaF
SnF2

Mint
Saccharin
SLS
NaF
MFP
SnF2

Mint
Saccharin
SLS
MFP

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TOOTHPASTE CONSIDERATIONS
Safety
Efficacy
Consumer Friendly
Pleasing taste
Ease of use
Pleasing appearance

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PRODUCT CRITERIA
Minimum one year shelf life
Easily dispensable
Compatible with the package
Efficacious
Safe

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MOUTHWASHES or
ORAL RINSES

Ingredients of Dentifrices and Oral Rinses

Dentrifrice

Oral Rinse

Therapeutic agent(s)
Abrasive
Surfactant(s)
Humectant(s)
Flavor

Therapeutic agent(s)

Thickener(s)
Coloring
Water

Surfactant(s)
Humectant(s)
Flavor
Ethanol

Coloring
Water
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Mouthwash Components
Ingredient

Function

Alcohol

Adds bite and freshness. Enhances flavor impact.

Helps solubilize some flavor components. Contributes
to cleansing action and antibacterial activity.

Flavor

Makes mouthwash pleasant to use. Adds a refreshing,

cool quality to oral cavity immediately and for some
time after use. Makes breath temporarily pleasant by
imposing a pleasant note over breath aroma. Some
flavors exert significant antibacterial effect.

Humectant

Adds "body" to product, inhibits crystallization around

closure.

Surfactant

Used for solubilization of flavor. Provides foaming

action. Assists removal of oral debris by lowering
surface tension. Can be antibacterial. (Selection is
critical in antibacterial mouthwashes; must be
compatible with antibacterial active.)

Water
Special ingredients:
Antibacterial agent
Astringent salts
Chlorophyllins
Fluoride

Major vehicle to carry other ingredients.

To enhance antibacterial efficacy.
Can interact with proteins of saliva and oral mucosa.
For topical deodorization.
Anticaries agent.

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Thank You