EE 369

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 5
Development of Transmission Line
Models
Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick

Reading
For lectures 5 through 7 read Chapter 4
we will not be covering sections 4.7, 4.11, and 4.12
in detail

Read Section 1.5,

HW 4 is chapter 4 case study questions A
through D, and Problems 2.31, 2.41, 2.43, 2.48,
4.1, 4.3, 4.6, due Thursday 9/26.
HW 5 is Problems 4.9, 4.11, 4.13, 4.18, 4.21,
4.22, 4.24, 4.25 (assume Cardinal conductor
and look up GMR in Table A.4); due Thursday
10/2.
2

Substation Bus

Inductance Example
Calculate the inductance of an N turn coil wound
tightly on a toroidal iron core that has a radius of
R and a cross-sectional area of A. Assume
1) all flux is within the coil
2) all flux links each turn
3) Radius of each turn is negligible compared to
R
Circular path of radius R
within the iron core encloses
all N turns of the coil and
hence links total enclosed
current of Ie = NI.
Since the radius of each turn
is negligible compared to R,
4
all circular paths within the

Inductance Example, contd

Ie

Hgdl

NI H 2 R (path encloses I e NI ; path length is 2 R,)

NI
H
(H varies somewhat with R, but ignore,)
2 R
B H r 0 H (linear magnetic material,)

A B (assuming H and therefore B constant,)

N (each of the N turns link flux ,)
NI
NAB NAr 0
2 R
N 2 Ar 0
L /I
H
2 R

Inductance of a Single Wire

To develop models of transmission lines,
we first need to determine the
inductance of a single, infinitely long
wire. To do this we need to determine
the wires total flux linkage, including:
1.
2.

flux linkages outside of the wire

flux linkages within the wire

Well assume that the current density

within the wire is uniform and that the
wire is solid with a radius of r.
In fact, current density is non-uniform,
and conductor is stranded, so our
calculations will be approximate.

Flux Linkages outside of the

wire

We'll think of the wire as a single loop "closed" by

a return wire that is infinitely far away. Therefore
= since there is N = 1 turn. The flux linking
a length of wire outside it to a distance of R from
the wire center is:

A Bgda

length

I
0
dx
2 x

Flux Linkages outside,

contd
I
A Bgda length r 0
dx
2 x
Since length = we'll deal with per unit length values,
assumed to be per meter.
R
0
I
R

0
dx
I ln
r
meter
2 x
2
r
Note, this quantity still goes to infinity as R
R

Flux linkages inside of wire

Current inside conductor tends to travel on the outside
of the conductor due to the skin effect. The penetration
of the current into the conductor is approximated using
1
the skin depth =
where f is the frequency in Hz
f
and is the conductivity in siemens/meter.
0.066 m
For copper skin depth
0.33 inch at 60Hz.
f
For derivation we'll assume a uniform current density.
9

Flux linkages inside, contd

Current enclosed within distance

Wire cross section

x2
x from center I e 2 I
r
x
Ie
Ix
Hx

r
2 x 2 r 2
However, situation is not as simple as outside wire
case since flux only links part of wire (need Biot-Savart law
Ix x 2
to derive): inside Bgda (length)
dx
2
2
A
0 2 r r
0 r
r Ix 3
(length) 4 dx (length)
I.
2 0 r
8
r

10

Line Total Flux & Inductance

0
R 0 r
Total (per meter)
I ln
I
2
r
8
0 R r
Total (per meter)
I ln
2
r 4
0 R r
L(per meter)
ln
2
r 4
Note, this value still goes to infinity as we let
R go to infinity.
Note that inductance depends on logarithm
of ratio of lengths.

11

Inductance Simplification
Inductance expression can be simplified using
two exponential identities:
a
ln(ab)=ln a + ln b
ln ln a ln b a ln(e a )
b
r

0 R r
0
4
L
ln

ln
R

ln
r

ln
e

2
r 4
2

r 4
0
0 R
L
ln
ln R ln re

2
2 r '

Where r' @r e

0.78r for r 1
12

Two Conductor Line

Inductance

Key problem with the previous derivation is we

assumed no return path for the current. Now
consider the case of two wires, each carrying
the same current I, but in opposite directions;
assume the wires are separated by distance D.
D

Creates counterclockwise field

To determine the
inductance of each
conductor we integrate
as before. However
now we get some
field cancellation.
Creates a
clockwise field
13

Two Conductor Case, contd

D

D
R

Direction of integration

Key Point: Flux linkage due to currents in each conducto

to cancel out. Use superposition to get total flux linkag

Consider flux linked by left conductor from distance 0 to R.

For a distance R from left conductor that is greater than 2D,
flux due to the right conductor from distance 0 to D
cancels the flux due to the right conductor from D to 2 D :
Summing the fluxes yields: left

0
R 0
R D

I ln
I ln

2
r ' 2
D

14
Left Current Right Current

Two Conductor Inductance

Simplifying (with equal and opposite currents)

left

Lleft

0 R
R D

I ln ln

2 r '
D
0

I ln R ln r ' ln( R D ) ln D
2
0 D
R

I ln ln

2 r '
R D
0 D

I ln as R
2 r '
0 D

ln H/m
2 r '
15

Many-Conductor Case

Now assume we now have n conductors,

with the k-th conductor having current ik,
and
arranged in some specified geometry.
Each conductors
Wed like to find flux linkages
of each flux
linkage, k,dependsupon
conductor.
itsowncurrentandthe
currentinalltheother
conductors.
For example, to derive the flux linkage for conductor 1, 1, well be integr
conductor 1 (at origin) to the right along the x-axis.
16

Many-Conductor Case,
contd
Rk isthe
distance
fromcon
ductork
topoint
c.

At point b the net

contribution to 1
from ik , 1k, is
zero.

Wed like to integrate the flux crossing

between b to c. But the flux crossing
between a and c is easier to calculate and
provides a very good approximation of 1k.
Pointaisatdistanced1kfromconductork.
17

Many-Conductor Case,
contd

Rn
R1
R2
i1 ln ' i2 ln d L in ln d ,
r1
12
1n

0
1
2

1
1
1
i1 ln ' i2 ln d L in ln d
r1
12
1n

0
i1 ln R1 i2 ln R2 L in ln Rn .
2
As R1 goes to infinity, R1 R2 Rn so the second
0 n
term from above can be written = i j ln R1.
2 j 1

18

Many-Conductor Case,
contd
Therefore if

i j 0, which is true in a balanced

j 1

three phase system, then the second term is zero and

0
1
1
1
1
i1 ln ' i2 ln
L in ln ,

2
d12
d1n
r1
L11i1 L12i2 L L1nin
System has self and mutual inductance.
However, the mutual inductance can be canceled for
19
balanced 3 systems with symmetry.

Symmetric Line Spacing

69 kV

20

Line Inductance Example

Calculate the reactance for a balanced 3, 60

transmission line with a conductor geometry o
equilateral triangle with D = 5m, r = 1.24cm (
conductor) and a length of 5 miles.
Since system is assumed
balanced
ia ib ic

0
a
2

i ln( 1 ) i ln( 1 ) i ln( 1 )

c
a r ' b D
D
21

Line Inductance Example,

contd
Substituting i i i , obtain:
a

0
1

a
i
ln

i
ln
a
a
2
r '

0
D

ia ln .
2
r '

0 D
4 107
5
La
ln
ln

2 r '
2
9.67 10 3
1.25 106 H/m.
Again note logarithm of ratio of distance between
phases to the size of the conductor.

22

Line Inductance Example,

contd
6
La 1.25 10

H/m

Converting to reactance
Xa

2 60 1.25 106

4.71 104 /m
0.768 /mile
X Total for 5 mile line 3.79
(this is the total per phase)
The reason we did NOT have mutual inductance
was because of the symmetric conductor spacing
23

Conductor Bundling

To increase the capacity of high voltage trans

lines it is very common to use a number of
conductors per phase. This is known as cond
bundling. Typical values are two conductors f
345 kV lines, three for 500 kV and four for 765

24

Bundled Conductor Flux

Linkages
For the line shown on the left,

define dij as the distance between

conductors i and j.
We can then determine k for conduct
Assuming of the phase current flow
in each of the four conductors in
a given phase bundle, then for conduc

1
1
1
1
ln
ln
a ln ln
d12
d13
d14
4 r'

0 ib
1
1
1
1
1
ln
ln
ln
ln

2 4 d15
d16
d17
d 18

ic
1
1
1
1
ln
ln
ln

ln
d1,10
d1,11
d1,12
4 d19

25

Bundled Conductors, contd

Simplifying

i ln
a

4
(r ' d12 d13d14 )

1

1

4
(d15 d16 d17 d18 )

1
i
ln
b
2

ic ln
1
4

(
d
d
d
d
)
19 1,10 1,11 1,12
26

Bundled Conductors, contd

Rb @ geometric mean radius (GMR) of bundle
(r ' d12 d13d14 )
(r ' d12 K d1b
D1b

1
) b

for our example

in general

@ geometric mean distance (GMD) of

conductor 1 to phase b.
(d15 d16 d17 d18 )

D1c

D2b D3b D4b Dab

(d19 d1,10 d1,11d1,12 )

D2c D3c D4c Dac

27

Inductance of Bundle
If Dab Dac Dbc D and ia ib ic
Then
1
0
1

1
ia ln ia ln

2
D
Rb
D
D
0
0

I a ln
4 I1 ln
2
2
Rb
R
b
D
0
L1
4 ln , which is the
2
Rb
self-inductance of wire 1.
28

Inductance of Bundle,
contd
But remember each bundle has b conductors
in parallel (4 in this example).
So, there are four inductances in parallel:

0 D
La L1 / b
ln .
2 Rb
Again note that inductance depends on the
logarithm of the ratio of distance between phases
to the size of bundle of conductors.
Inductance decreases with decreasing distance between
phases and increasing bundle size.
29

Bundle Inductance Example

Consider the previous example of the three p

symmetrically spaced 5 meters apart using w
with a radius of r = 1.24 cm. Except now ass
each phase has 4 conductors in a square bun
spaced 0.25 meters apart. What is the new i
per meter?r 1.24 102 m r ' 9.67 103 m
0.25 M
0.25 M

0.25 M

Rb 9.67 10 0.25 0.25 ( 2 0.25)

0.12 m (ten times bigger than r!)

0
5
La
ln
7.46 107 H/m
2 0.12
Bundling reduces inductance.

30

Transmission Tower
Configurations

The problem with the line analysis

weve done so far is we have assumed
a symmetrical tower configuration.
Such a tower configuration is seldom
Therefore in
practical.
general Dab
DacDbc

Typical Transmission Tower

Configuration

Unless something
was done this would
result in unbalanced
Phases.
31

Transposition
To keep system balanced, over the length of a
transmission line the conductors are rotated so
each phase occupies each position on tower for
an equal distance.
This is known as transposition.

Aerial or side view of conductor positions over the length

of the transmission line.

32

Line Transposition Example

33

Line Transposition Example

34

Transposition Impact on Flux

Linkages
For a uniformly transposed line we can
calculate the flux linkage for phase "a"
1 0
a
3 2

1
1
1
I a ln r ' I b ln d I c ln d a phase in
position 1

12
13
1 0
1
1
1
I a ln I b ln
I c ln a phase in

3 2
r'
d13
d 23
position 3
1 0
3 2

1
1
1
I a ln r ' I b ln d I c ln d

23
12

a phase in
position 2

35

Transposition Impact, contd

Recognizing that
1
1

(ln a ln b ln c ) ln ( abc) 3
3

We can simplify so

1
1
I a ln I b ln

1
d d d 3
r'

0
12 13 23
a

I c ln
1
d d d 3

12 13 23

36

Inductance of Transposed
Line
Define the geometric mean
distance (GMD)
Dm

@ d12 d13d 23

Then for a balanced 3 system ( I a - I b - I c )

0
0
Dm
1
1
a
I a ln I a ln
I a ln

2
r'
Dm
2
r'
Hence

0 Dm
Dm
7
La
ln
2 10 ln
H/m
2
r'
r'
Again, logarithm of ratio of distance between phases
to conductor size.

37

Inductance with Bundling

If the line is bundled with a geometric mean
radius, Rb , then

0
Dm
a
I a ln
2
Rb
0 Dm
Dm
7
La
ln
2 10 ln
H/m
2 Rb
Rb

38

Inductance Example
Calculate the per phase inductance and
reactance of a balanced 3, 60 Hz, line
with:
horizontal phase spacing of 10m
using three conductor bundling with a spacing
between conductors in the bundle of 0.3m.

Assume the line is uniformly transposed

and the conductors have a 1cm radius.

39

Inductance
Example
1

Dm d12 d13d 23

3,

(10 (2 10) 10)1/ 3 12.6m,

r'=r e

0.0078m,
1

Rb ( r ' d bundle d bundle ) 3 , where d bundle is the

distance between conductors in bundle
( r ' 0.3 0.3)1/ 3 0.0888m,
0 Dm
La
ln
2 Rb
9.9 107 H/m,
X a 2 fLa (1600m/mile) = 0.6/mile.

40